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In this study, we investigate the holographic Schwinger effect within the framework of N = 4 super Yang–Mills theory on the Coulomb branch (cSYM). The Coulomb branch is characterized by spontaneous conformal symmetry breaking via the Higgs mechanism, which dynamically generates a characteristic energy scale Λ . We conduct a detailed analysis to examine how the dimensionless ratio of temperature to energy scale ( T / Λ ) influences the quark–antiquark separation length, the potential barrier, and the critical electric field. Our findings indicate that the maximum quark–antiquark separation length exhibits a monotonic suppression as T / Λ increases, suggesting that T / Λ promotes the dissociation of quark-pair. Additionally, we observe that T / Λ reduces both the height and width of the potential barrier. The critical electric field displays suppression with increasing T / Λ . These results demonstrate that in strongly coupled cSYM, increasing T / Λ enhances the Schwinger effect.

We study the holographic Schwinger effect with magnetic field at RHIC and LHC energies by using the AdS/CFT correspondence. We consider both weak and strong magnetic field cases with B ≪ T 2 and B ≫ T 2 solutions respectively. Firstly, we calculate separating length of the particle pairs at finite magnetic field. It is found that for both weak and strong magnetic field solutions the maximum value of separating length decreases with the increase of magnetic field , which can be inferred that the virtual electron-positron pairs become real particles more easily. We also find that the magnetic field reduces the potential barrier and the critical field for the weak magnetic field solution, thus favors the Schwinger effect. With strong magnetic field solution, the magnetic field enhances the Schwinger effect when the pairs are in perpendicular to the magnetic field although the magnetic field increases the critical electric field.

In this paper, we study the dissociation of heavy quarkonium in the spinning black hole background. Specifically, we analyze the spectral function of charmonium and bottomonium in the spinning black hole background and examine how the angular momentum affects the dissociation of J / Ψ and Υ ( 1 S ) . From the results, we find that the angular momentum and temperature decreases the peak height and expands the peak width of the spectral function, thereby enhancing the dissociation of heavy vector mesons. Moreover, the angular momentum has a stronger dissociation effect in the transverse orientation, revealing the directional influence of angular momentum.

Human liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinomas and intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinomas, are often diagnosed late with poor prognosis. A better understanding of cancer initiation could provide potential preventive therapies and increase survival. Models for studying human liver cancer initiation are largely missing. Here, using directly reprogrammed human hepatocytes (hiHeps) and inactivation of p53 and RB, we established organoids possessing liver architecture and function. HiHep organoids were genetically engineered to model the initial alterations in human liver cancers. Bona fide hepatocellular carcinomas were developed by overexpressing c-Myc. Excessive mitochondrion–endoplasmic reticulum coupling induced by c-Myc facilitated hepatocellular carcinoma initiation and seemed to be a target of preventive treatment. Furthermore, through the analysis of human intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma-enriched mutations, we demonstrate that the RAS-induced lineage conversion from hepatocytes to intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells can be prevented by the combined inhibition of Notch and JAK–STAT. Together, hiHep organoids represent a system that can be genetically manipulated to model cancer initiation and identify potential preventive therapies. Sun et al. demonstrate that the development of bona fide liver cancer can be modelled at structural and molecular levels by introducing c-Myc into directly reprogrammed human hepatocytes with inactivated p53 and RB.

In this paper, we discuss the holographic first order QCD phase transition with gluon condensate and the generation of gravitational waves (GWs) from the phase transition. The first order QCD phase transition is dual to the first order Hawking–Page phase transition from holography. We study the first order Hawking–Page phase transition from the thermal dilatonic phase to the dilatonic black hole phase and find the phase transition temperature is proportional to the gluon condensate. After substituting into the phenomenological value of gluon condensate from QCD sum rules, we find T c = 155.38 MeV. In further research, we study the GWs generated from holographic cosmic first order QCD phase transition with gluon condensate and the produced GWs might be detected by the International Pulsar Timing Array, Square Kilometre Array and Big-Bang Observer. Moreover, the gluon condensate suppresses the energy density of total GWs and peak frequency.

Exosomes are discrete populations of small (40-200 nm in diameter) membranous vesicles that are released into the extracellular space by most cell types, eventually accumulating in the circulation. As molecular messengers, exosomes exert a broad array of vital physiologic functions by transporting information between different cell types. Because of these functional properties, they may have potential as biomarker sources for prognostic and diagnostic disease. Recent research has found that exosomes have potential to be utilized as drug delivery agents for therapeutic targets. However, basic researches on exosomes and researches on their therapeutic potential both require the existence of effective and rapid methods for their separation from human samples. In the current absence of a standardized method, there are several methods available for the separation of exosomes, but very few studies have previously compared the efficiency and suitability of these different methods. This review summarized and compared the available traditional and novel methods for the extraction of exosomes from human samples and considered their advantages and disadvantages for use in clinical laboratories and point-of-care settings.

Breast cancer is one of the most common disease in women. Most of existing breast cancer classification methods include region segmentation, feature extraction and classification phases. It is hard for doctors to understand the conclusion drawn from low level image features. Besides, in cancer hospital more malignant cases than benign cases can be collected, in physical examination center more benign cases can be collected, causing the imbalance problem. To solve above two problems, this study designed a novel breast cancer classification method based on high level Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) features. First, an improved Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm is proposed to generate minority samples for balance. Subsequently, coclustering is adopted to mine diagnostic rules. Finally, with Adaboost, the rules can construct a strong classifier. Comparison experiment results on two public datasets shows that the accuracy, precision, recall F1 of proposed method improves more than 5% than comparison methods. Besides, under different imbalance ratios, accuracy of the proposed method is more than 5% higher than comparison methods.

Abstract The obesity pandemic increasingly causes morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Fat cell size (FCS) predicts numerous obesity-related complications such as lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the scarcity of systematic literature reviews on this subject is compounded by the use of different methods by which FCS measurements are determined and reported. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity-related glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, and cardiovascular disorders. We also review the numerous mechanistic origins of adipocyte hypertrophy and its relationship with metabolic dysregulation, including changes in adipogenesis, cell senescence, collagen deposition, systemic inflammation, adipokine secretion, and energy balance. To quantify the effect of different FCS measurement methods, we performed statistical analyses across published data while controlling for body mass index, age, and sex. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

Aging is an intricate process involving interactions among multiple factors, which is one of the main risks for chronic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a member of cysteine protease, cathepsin S (CTSS) has been implicated in inflammation across various diseases. Here, we investigated the role of neuronal CTSS in aging and AD started by examining CTSS expression in hippocampus neurons of aging mice and identified a significant increase, which was negatively correlated with recognition abilities. Concurrently, we observed an elevation of CTSS concentration in the serum of elderly people. Transcriptome and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) results revealed that CTSS overexpression in neurons aggravated brain inflammatory milieu with microglia activation to M1 pro‐inflammatory phenotype, activation of chemokine C‐X3‐C‐motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1)—chemokine C‐X3‐C‐motif receptor 1 (CX3CR1) axis and janus kinase 2 (JAK2)—signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. As CX3CL1 is secreted by neurons and acts on the CX3CR1 in microglia, our results revealed for the first time the role of neuron CTSS in neuron–microglia “crosstalk.” Besides, we observed elevated CTSS expression in multiple brain regions of AD patients, including the hippocampus. Utilizing CTSS selective inhibitor, LY3000328, rescued AD‐related pathological features in APP/PS1 mice. We further noticed that neuronal CTSS overexpression increased cathepsin B (CTSB) activity, but decreased cathepsin L (CTSL) activity in microglia. Overall, we provide evidence that CTSS can be used as an aging biomarker and plays regulatory roles through modulating neuroinflammation and recognition in aging and AD process. Showing the roles of neuronal CTSS in the process of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a cysteine protease cathepsin family member, CTSS degrades proteins along the endocytic pathway in young and healthy mice. In aging and AD model mice, the expression level of neuronal CTSS is significantly elevated in neurons, which increases neuroinflammation and causes cognitive decline via CX3CL1‐CX3CR1 axis and JAK2‐STAT3 pathway. LY 3000328, the selective inhibitor of CTSS, LY3000328, significantly rescues AD‐related pathological features in APP/PS1 mice.

By the use of the gauge/gravity duality, we calculate the imaginary part of heavy quarkonium potential and thermal width with the effect of gluon condensate which is absent in AdS 5 background. Our results show that the dropping gluon condensate reduces the absolute value of imaginary potential and therefore decreases the thermal width both in “exact” and “approximate” approach implying that the heavy quarkonium has a weaker bound with the increase of gluon condensate. In addition, the thermal width will disappear at a critical condensate value, which indicates the dissociation of quarkonium. We conclude that increasing gluon condensate will lead to easier dissociation of heavy quarkonium for fixed temperature.