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Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women. Although endocrine therapy is effective, the development of endocrine resistance is a major clinical challenge. The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes tumor malignancy, and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) within the TME play a crucial role in endocrine resistance. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between TAM and the endocrine‐resistant phenotype of breast cancer. Macrophages were cultured with conditioned medium (CM) from tamoxifen‐sensitive (MCF7‐S) or ‐resistant (MCF7‐R) MCF7 breast cancer cells. M2 polarization was detected by CD163 immunofluorescence. To determine the effect on endocrine resistance, MCF7 cells were cultured in the supernatant of different TAM, and then treated with tamoxifen. CC‐chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) immunohistochemistry was carried out on pathological sections from 100 patients with invasive estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer. We found that macrophages cultured in the CM of MCF7‐S and MCF7‐R cells were induced into TAM, with a more obvious M2 polarization in the latter. Tamoxifen resistance was increased by culture in TAM medium. TAM secreted CCL2, which increased endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. High expression of CCL2 was correlated with infiltration of CD163+macrophages (r = 0.548, P < .001), and patients with high CCL2 expression presented shorter progression‐free survival than those with low CCL2 expression (P < .05). We conclude that CCL2 secreted by TAM activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and promotes an endocrine resistance feedback loop in the TME, suggesting that CCL2 and TAM may be novel therapeutic targets for patients with endocrine‐resistant breast cancer. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying tumor‐associated macrophage (TAM)‐mediated endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. We found that endocrine‐resistant breast cancer cells can induce M2 polarization of TAM, and M2‐polarized TAM in turn further promote endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. We believe that this article will be of interest to the readership of this journal because we uncovered the underlying mechanism of TAM‐induced endocrine resistance: TAM secrete the cytokine CCL2, which activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

To address the challenge of accurately predicting carbon price fluctuations, which are influenced by multiple factors, a multisource, spatiotemporal, federated learning framework with cross-modal feature fusion is proposed. Firstly, a three-level hierarchical federated learning network, consisting of perception clients, regional (edge) nodes, and a central server, is designed. The server incrementally aggregates the parameters generated by the local large model of the perception client through incremental data training, improving the efficiency of parameter aggregation in federated learning and avoiding the problem of network traffic data exposure. Secondly, a cross-modal, spatiotemporal, enhanced attention model is proposed. In order to extract the joint features of carbon price time series data and spatial correlation, spatiotemporal feature encoding is adopted. In order to share the semantic space of aligning market factors and carbon emission data in the embedding layer, cross-modal alignment is adopted. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively predict carbon prices.

I nnovation and green are the directions to promote the circular economy and environmental sustainability at the corporate level. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation (pollution charge) on green technology innovation and the mediating role of corporate environmental responsibility. Our results indicate that: (1) Environmental regulations stimulate manufacturing enterprises’ environmental responsibility and green technology innovation. It is worth noting that corporate environmental responsibility strengthens the relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation. (2) Further investigation reveals that R&D expenditure and environmental investment have greatly strengthened the positive effect of environmental regulation on green technology innovation. (3) With more detailed disclosure about enterprises’ environment-related information, the more outstanding stimulation effects of environmental regulation. Discussions on the features of enterprise location have revealed that, if the goal of environmental protection is set too high or if the fiscal decentralization is too strong, implementation of environmental regulation would not achieve desirable results. Accordingly, we need to optimize the collection of environmental taxes, strengthen the enterprises’ environmental responsibility, and increase investment in R&D and environment protection. Meanwhile, the execution of environmental regulation should also take into account the institutional environment and governance features of the enterprise locations.

A coupled thermo-mechanical bond-based peridynamical (TM-BB-PD) method is developed to simulate thermal cracking processes in rocks. The coupled thermo-mechanical model consists of two parts. In the first part, temperature distribution of the system is modeled based on the heat conduction equation. In the second part, the mechanical deformation caused by temperature change is calculated to investigate thermal fracture problems. The multi-rate explicit time integration scheme is proposed to overcome the multi-scale time problem in coupled thermo-mechanical systems. Two benchmark examples, i.e., steady-state heat conduction and transient heat conduction with deformation problem, are performed to illustrate the correctness and accuracy of the proposed coupled numerical method in dealing with thermo-mechanical problems. Moreover, two kinds of numerical convergence for peridynamics, i.e., m - and δ -convergences, are tested. The thermal cracking behaviors in rocks are also investigated using the proposed coupled numerical method. The present numerical results are in good agreement with the previous numerical and experimental data. Effects of PD material point distributions and nonlocal ratios on thermal cracking patterns are also studied. It can be found from the numerical results that thermal crack growth paths do not increases with changes of PD material point spacing when the nonlocal ratio is larger than 4. The present numerical results also indicate that thermal crack growth paths are slightly affected by the arrangements of PD material points. Moreover, influences of thermal expansion coefficients and inhomogeneous properties on thermal cracking patterns are investigated, and the corresponding thermal fracture mechanism is analyzed in simulations. Finally, a LdB granite specimen with a borehole in the heated experiment is taken as an application example to examine applicability and usefulness of the proposed numerical method. Numerical results are in good agreement with the previous experimental and numerical results. Meanwhile, it can be found from the numerical results that the coupled TM-BB-PD has the capacity to capture phenomena of temperature jumps across cracks, which cannot be captured in the previous numerical simulations.

Online BIM visualization system is the first and primary task for building web applications of BIM. Light-weighted, cross-platform and open are three basic rules when building online BIM visualization systems. Currently, some efforts have been made on BIM visualization. However, most of them are designed for local BIM, and the online ones neglect the network load (without light-weighted) or are platform dependent (without cross-platform). This study develops a novel online BIM visualization system based on IFC and WebGL, termed as WebBIM. WebBIM firstly converts the raw IFC geometry data into triangles, light-weights the BIM geometry data by sharing the geometry data among the object instances generated from the same facility component, compresses the geometry, and directly renders the decompressed triangular BIM data in web browsers. Finally, empirical studies from extensive real projects’ BIM data show that WebBIM is efficient, capable of visualization of large BIM files and compatible with mainstream devices.

Simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) can reflect signals and transmissive signals simultaneously and can extend the coverage of signals. A conventional RIS mainly focuses on the case where the signal source and the target are on the same side. In this paper, a STAR-RIS-assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) downlink communication system is considered to maximize the achievable rate for users by jointly optimizing the power-allocation coefficients, active beamforming, and STAR-RIS beamforming under the mode-switching (MS) protocol. The critical information of the channel is first extracted using the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) method. Based on the key extracted channel features, STAR-RIS elements and users are clustered individually using the fuzzy C-mean clustering (FCM) method. The alternating optimization method decomposes the original optimization problem into three sub-optimization problems. Finally, the sub-problems are converted to unconstrained optimization methods using penalty functions for the solution. Simulation results show that when the number of elements of RIS is 60, the achievable rate of the STAR-RIS–NOMA system is about 18% higher than that of the RIS–NOMA system.

Olive pomace was used as raw material and then activated by potassium hydroxide to obtain olive pomace activated carbon (OP-AC). The effects of different dosage, pH and adsorption time of OP-AC on the removal of seven organic dyes (methylene blue MB, methyl orange MO, Congo red CV, neutral red CR, malachite green MG, crystal violet BL and rhodamine B RHB) in water were investigated. The adsorption behavior of OP-AC on seven organic dyes was studied through adsorption experiments, and the feasibility of treating mixed printing and dyeing water by OP-AC was also discussed. The results show that the removal rate of seven organic dyes is better when the dosage of OP-AC is 0.6 g and the adsorption time is 24 h. The removal efficiency of dyes is different under different pH conditions, among which the removal rate of MO, CR and BL is better in acidic environment (pH = 4), while it is beneficial to the removal of MB, RHB, MG and CV in alkaline environment (pH = 12). The removal efficiency of dyes under better conditions is CV > MB > RHB > Mo > BL > Mg > Cr. The adsorption process of olive pomace activated carbon for seven dyes is more in line with Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and the correlation coefficients are all greater than 0.98, indicating that the adsorption process of seven dyes is of single layer adsorption; The adsorption kinetics is more in line with the quasi-second-order kinetic model, and chemical adsorption is dominant in the adsorption process, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.97. Under the conditions of OP-AC dosage of 4.0 g, adsorption time of 24 h and pH equaling 10.9 (unadjusted), the removal efficiency of RHB is the highest (99.6%) and that of CR is the lowest (59.6%), and the removal efficiency of mixed organic dyes is the highest. The removal efficiency of seven organic dyes is: RHB > MG > MB > CV > BL > MO > CR.Kindly check and confirm the corresponding affiliation has been correctly processed.The author's affiliation is checked and correct.Please confirm the inserted city name for the affiliation 4 is correct and amend if necessary.affiliation 4 is correct.

The root of Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP) is used in folk medicine and is popular as a soup ingredient. The root is composed of the rhizome and radix, but only the radix has been used as a food. Thus, it is very important to compare the chemical components and antioxidant activities between the rhizome and radix. The extracts were analyzed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS and multivariate analysis, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Ninety-one compounds were detected simultaneously and temporarily identified. Ten compounds were identified as chemical markers to distinguish the rhizome from the radix. The antioxidant activities of the radix were higher than the rhizome. Correlation analysis showed that uvaol-3-caffeate, 3-O-caffeoyloleanolic acid, and khrinone E were the main active markers for antioxidant activity, which allowed for the rapid differentiation of rhizomes and the radix. Therefore, it could be helpful for future exploration of its material base and bioactive mechanism. In addition, it would be considered to be used as a new method for the quality control of M. speciosa.

Considerable biological decline of continuously cropped alfalfa may be tightly linked to rhizosphere metabolism. However, plant-soil feedbacks and age-related metabolic changes in alfalfa stands remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to identify the linkages of rhizosphere and root metabolites, particularly autotoxins and prebiotics, to alfalfa decline under continuous cropping. We performed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for non-targeted metabolomic profiling of rhizosphere soils and alfalfa roots in 2- and 6-year-old stands. Differentially abundant metabolites that responded to stand age and associated metabolic pathways were identified. Compared with bulk soils, rhizosphere soils were enriched with more triterpenoid saponins (e.g., medicagenic acid glycosides), which showed inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth. These autotoxic metabolites were accumulated in the old stand age, and their relative abundances were negatively correlated with plant growth, yield, and quality traits, as well as soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen concentrations. In contrast, prebiotic metabolites, represented by glycerolipids (e.g., glycerophosphocholine) and fatty acyls (e.g., colnelenic acid), were depleted in rhizosphere soils in the old stand. The relative abundances of glycerolipids and fatty acyls were positively correlated with plant traits and soil available phosphorus and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen concentrations. Age-induced changes in the rhizosphere metabolome mirrored the reprogramming patterns of root metabolome. The pathways of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction, as well as metabolism of galactose, glycerophospholipid, and ɑ-linolenic acid in alfalfa roots were affected by stand age. The upregulation of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in alfalfa roots of old plants, which stimulated triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and exudation. Rhizosphere accumulation of autotoxins was accompanied by depletion of prebiotics, leading to soil degradation and exacerbating alfalfa decline. This research aids in the development of prebiotics to prevent and manage continuous cropping obstacles in alfalfa.

Intelligent optimization algorithms are widely used to determine the critical slip surface of slopes. However, the critical slip surface may not converge to a proper solution because of the nonconvex and discontinuous nature of the objective function. An intelligent optimization algorithm is developed by combining the improved quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) and random forest (RF) regression method to identify the critical slip surface of the slope. A dynamic adjustment strategy is used to control the update and evolution direction of the population to obtain the global optimal solution, which not only ensures the convergence of the results but also effectively avoids premature convergence. The RF regression method is applied to estimate the fitness, which can help avoid the mechanical analysis of the slide body of the slope and increase the calculation efficiency. An external penalty function is used to penalize solutions that do not meet the constraints of the slip surface. This aspect reduces probability of such solutions appearing in the next generation, thereby ensuring that the identified critical slip surface has practical significance. The results obtained for four slope cases are in agreement with those of previous investigations, which demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, the results of the four slope cases show that the convergence speed is higher for a larger population.