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Liquidity restrictions on investors, like the redemption gates and liquidity fees introduced in the 2016 money market fund (MMF) reform, are meant to improve financial stability. However, we find evidence that such liquidity restrictions exacerbated the run on prime MMFs during the COVID-19 crisis. Our results indicate that gates and fees could generate strategic complementarities among investors in crisis times. Severe outflows from prime MMFs led the Federal Reserve to intervene with the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF). Using MMLF microdata, we show how the provision of “liquidity of last resort” stabilized prime funds.

This study was to investigate the protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on HT22 and PC12 cell damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced ferroptosis. A 2-h oxygen-glucose deprivation and 24-h reperfusion model on HT22 and PC12 cells was used to simulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell viabilities were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid reactive oxygen species (Lipid ROS) were detected by fluorescent probes Dihydroethidium (DHE) and C11 BODIPY 581/591. Iron Colorimetric Assay Kit, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) activity assay kits were used to detect intracellular iron ion, MDA and GSHcontent. Cell ferroptosis-related ultrastructures were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, PCR and Western blot analyses were used to detect the expressions of ferroptosis-related genes and proteins. After receiving oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, the viabilities of HT22 and PC12 cells were significantly decreased; ROS, Lipid ROS, iron ions and MDA accumulation occurred in the cells; GSH contents decreased; TEM showed that cells were ruptured and blebbed, mitochondria atrophied and became smaller, mitochondrial ridges were reduced or even disappeared, and apoptotic bodies appeared. And the expressions of Nrf2, SLC7A11 and GPX4 genes were reduced; the expressions of p-Nrf2/Nrf2, xCT and GPX4 proteins were reduced. Notably, these parameters were significantly reversed by HBO, indicating that HBO can protect HT22 cells and PC12 cells from damage caused by oxygen-glucosedeprivation/reperfusion via the inhibition of Nrf2/System Xc-/GPX4 axis-mediated ferroptosis.

Two-dimensional materials provide extraordinary opportunities for exploring phenomena arising in atomically thin crystals. Beginning with the first isolation of graphene, mechanical exfoliation has been a key to provide high-quality two-dimensional materials, but despite improvements it is still limited in yield, lateral size and contamination. Here we introduce a contamination-free, one-step and universal Au-assisted mechanical exfoliation method and demonstrate its effectiveness by isolating 40 types of single-crystalline monolayers, including elemental two-dimensional crystals, metal-dichalcogenides, magnets and superconductors. Most of them are of millimeter-size and high-quality, as shown by transfer-free measurements of electron microscopy, photo spectroscopies and electrical transport. Large suspended two-dimensional crystals and heterojunctions were also prepared with high-yield. Enhanced adhesion between the crystals and the substrates enables such efficient exfoliation, for which we identify a gold-assisted exfoliation method that underpins a universal route for producing large-area monolayers and thus supports studies of fundamental properties and potential application of two-dimensional materials. Here, the authors develop a one-step, contamination-free, Au-assisted mechanical exfoliation method for 2D materials, and isolate 40 types of single-crystalline monolayers, including elemental 2D crystals, metal-dichalcogenides, magnets and superconductors with millimetre size.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most formidable challenge to humanity in a century. It is widely believed that prepandemic normalcy will never return until a safe and effective vaccine strategy becomes available and a global vaccination programme is implemented successfully. Here, we discuss the immunological principles that need to be taken into consideration in the development of COVID-19 vaccine strategies. On the basis of these principles, we examine the current COVID-19 vaccine candidates, their strengths and potential shortfalls, and make inferences about their chances of success. Finally, we discuss the scientific and practical challenges that will be faced in the process of developing a successful vaccine and the ways in which COVID-19 vaccine strategies may evolve over the next few years.This Review outlines the guiding immunological principles for the design of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine strategies and analyses the current COVID-19 vaccine landscape and the challenges ahead.

Inhaled aerosol BCG was well tolerated by healthy adults who had no previous exposure to either M tuberculosis or BCG. [...]the successful recovery of BCG from the lungs after aerosol inhalation considerably strengthens the feasibility of using this approach to evaluate the effectiveness of potential vaccines. [...]the study suggests the feasibility of administering a BCG vaccine via inhaled aerosol to humans—a vaccination strategy that is gaining attention given its potency for inducing robust respiratory mucosal immunity, which cannot be achieved with injectable vaccines.8,9 However, ensuring the safety of delivering BCG through inhaled aerosols requires comprehensive evaluation across various scenarios. The study also underscores the importance of addressing key variables in the BCG aerosol human challenge model, including ensuring the accuracy of the aerosol delivery device, adjusting the dose of BCG owing to potential viability changes during long-term storage, and refining bronchoalveolar lavage techniques for consistent BCG recovery.

Objective Helicobacter pylori infection is mostly a family-based infectious disease. To facilitate its prevention and management, a national consensus meeting was held to review current evidence and propose strategies for population-wide and family-based H. pylori infection control and management to reduce the related disease burden.MethodsFifty-seven experts from 41 major universities and institutions in 20 provinces/regions of mainland China were invited to review evidence and modify statements using Delphi process and grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation system. The consensus level was defined as ≥80% for agreement on the proposed statements.ResultsExperts discussed and modified the original 23 statements on family-based H. pylori infection transmission, control and management, and reached consensus on 16 statements. The final report consists of three parts: (1) H. pylori infection and transmission among family members, (2) prevention and management of H. pylori infection in children and elderly people within households, and (3) strategies for prevention and management of H. pylori infection for family members. In addition to the ‘test-and-treat’ and ‘screen-and-treat’ strategies, this consensus also introduced a novel third ‘family-based H. pylori infection control and management’ strategy to prevent its intrafamilial transmission and development of related diseases.Conclusion H. pylori is transmissible from person to person, and among family members. A family-based H. pylori prevention and eradication strategy would be a suitable approach to prevent its intra-familial transmission and related diseases. The notion and practice would be beneficial not only for Chinese residents but also valuable as a reference for other highly infected areas.

Insurance companies often follow highly correlated investment strategies. As major investors in corporate bonds, their investment commonalities subject investors to fire sale risk when regulatory restrictions prompt widespread divestment of a bond following a rating downgrade. Reflective of fire sale risk, the clustering of insurance companies in a bond has significant explanatory power for yield spreads, controlling for liquidity, credit risk, and other factors. The effect of insurer clustering on bond yield spreads is more evident for bonds held to a greater extent by capital-constrained insurance companies, those with ratings closer to National Association of Insurance Commissioners risk categories with larger capital requirements, and during the financial crisis.

The oral route is the most preferred route for systemic and local drug delivery. However, the oral drug delivery system faces the harsh physiological and physicochemical environment of the gastrointestinal tract, which limits the bioavailability and targeted design of oral drug delivery system. Innovative pharmaceutical approaches including nanoparticulate formulations, biomimetic drug formulations, and microfabricated devices have been explored to optimize drug targeting and bioavailability. In this review, the anatomical factors, biochemical factors, and physiology factors that influence delivering drug via oral route are discussed and recent advance in conventional and novel oral drug delivery approaches for improving drug bioavailability and targeting ability are highlighted. We also address the challenges and opportunities of oral drug delivery systems in future.

Cyberloafing is prevalent in the workplace and research has increasingly focused on its antecedents. This study aims to extend the cyberloafing literature from the perspective of perceived overqualification (POQ) among civil servants (government employees). Drawing on equity theory, we examined the effect of POQ on cyberloafing, along with the mediating role of harmonious passion on the POQ-cyberloafing relationship and the moderating role of the need for achievement on strengthening the link between POQ and harmonious passion. Using time-lagged data from a sample of 318 civil servants in China, we found that (1) POQ was positively related to cyberloafing; (2) harmonious passion mediated this relationship; (3) the need for achievement moderated the effect of POQ on harmonious passion as well as the indirect effect of POQ on cyberloafing via harmonious passion. Based on the findings, we discussed theoretical and managerial implications and provided future research avenues.

Fluid‐rock dissolution occurs ubiquitously in geological systems. Surface‐volume scaling is central to predicting overall dissolution rate R involved in modeling dissolution processes. Previous works focused on single‐phase environments but overlooked the multiphase‐flow effect. Here, through limestone‐based microfluidics experiments, we establish a fundamental link between dissolution regimes and scaling laws. In regime I (uniform), the scaling is consistent with classic law, and a satisfactory prediction of R can be obtained. However, the scaling for regime II (localized) deviates significantly from classic law. The underlying mechanism is that the reaction‐induced gas phase forms a layer, acting as a barrier that hinders contact between the acid and rock. Consequently, the error between measurement and prediction continuously amplifies as dissolution proceeds; the predictability is poor. We propose a theoretical model that describes the regime transition, exhibiting excellent agreement with experimental results. This work offers guidance on the usage of scaling law in multiphase flow environments. Plain Language Summary Fluid‐rock dissolution is ubiquitous in natural and engineered systems, including karst formation, geological carbon sequestration, and acid stimulation. Recent developed method for CO2 sequestration relies on mineralization, which transforms CO2 into carbonate minerals through geochemical reactions involving dissolution. The precise modeling of dissolution processes at the continuum‐scale is dependent on the estimation of the overall dissolution rate using surface‐volume scaling laws. This important scaling law is always established in a single‐phase system. Here, through limestone‐based microfluidics experiments, we find that the scaling is significantly affected by the dissolution regime in a multiphase flow environment. When the injection rate is lower, and the geometry is more homogeneous, the dissolution regime adheres to classic law. On the other hand, when the flow is stronger and the heterogeneity exhibits, the dissolution scaling significantly diverges. Our discovery indicates that a layer of CO2 gas attaches to the uneven surface, causing a shielding effect on the dissolution and resulting in a notable deviation. Through establishing a theoretical model for the regime transition, this work offers guidance on the usage of scaling law across various dissolution scenarios. The newly developed scaling can enhance dissolution modeling precision in multiphase flow‐dissolution systems such as geologic carbon sequestration. Key Points We observe two regimes, and the scaling in regime II deviates significantly from classic law, with a poor predictability of dissolution rate We identify a barrier effect in real rock samples that inhibits the contact of acid and rock for the deviation of scaling in regime II We propose a theoretical model for regime transition that offers guidance on the usage of scaling law in multiphase environments