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"Zhu, Jian"
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Consolidation analyses of soils
When stresses are applied to saturated soil, deformation will occur as water in voids is squeezed out. Consolidation Analyses of Soils focuses on the consolidation of fully saturated soils. The book follows a classic approach by beginning with one-dimensional constitutive relations of soils and one-dimensional consolidation. It then moves on to analytical solutions to several one-dimensional consolidation problems and one-dimensional finite strain consolidation. The authors also present a finite element method for consolidation analysis of one-dimensional problems, analytical solutions to consolidation of soil with vertical drains, and a finite difference method for consolidation analysis of one-dimensional problems. Simplified methods for consolidation analysis of soils exhibiting creep are introduced and applied to different cases. Three-dimensional consolidation equations and solutions of typical three-dimensional consolidation problems are covered, as well as simplified finite element consolidation analysis of soils with vertical drain and finite element method for three-dimensional consolidation problems. The book is unique in that it covers both classic solutions and state-of-the-art work in consolidation analyses of soils. Authors Jian-Hua Yin is Chair Professor of Soil Mechanics in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Guofu Zhu is a Professor in the Department of Engineering Structures and Mechanics at Wuhan University of Technology, China.
Book
Dynamics and function of DNA methylation in plants
DNA methylation is a conserved epigenetic modification that is important for gene regulation and genome stability. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation can lead to plant developmental abnormalities. A specific DNA methylation state is an outcome of dynamic regulation by de novo methylation, maintenance of methylation and active demethylation, which are catalysed by various enzymes that are targeted by distinct regulatory pathways. In this Review, we discuss DNA methylation in plants, including methylating and demethylating enzymes and regulatory factors, and the coordination of methylation and demethylation activities by a so-called methylstat mechanism; the functions of DNA methylation in regulating transposon silencing, gene expression and chromosome interactions; the roles of DNA methylation in plant development; and the involvement of DNA methylation in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions.
Journal Article
Abiotic stress responses in plants
Plants cannot move, so they must endure abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. These stressors greatly limit the distribution of plants, alter their growth and development, and reduce crop productivity. Recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of plants to abiotic stresses emphasizes their multilevel nature; multiple processes are involved, including sensing, signalling, transcription, transcript processing, translation and post-translational protein modifications. This improved knowledge can be used to boost crop productivity and agricultural sustainability through genetic, chemical and microbial approaches.In this Review, Zhang et al. summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of plants to abiotic stresses, and how this knowledge can be used to improve crop resilience through genetic, chemical and microbial approaches.
Journal Article
فنون العمارة الصينية
تاريخ تطور المعمار الصيني يعود إلى العصور القديمة أي منذ عشرة آلاف عام قبل يومنا هذا، فقد بدأ المعمار الصيني القديم في ذلك الوقت في مرحلة التطور إلى الهياكل الخشبية الممهدة بالطوب والآجر والحجر، لا يقتصر دور المعمار الصيني القديم على كونه أساس التصميم المعماري الحديث في الصين، بل له تأثير عالمي فهو ميراث ثقافي يجذب أنظار العالم، فالاستمتاع بالمعمار الصيني مثل قراءة كتاب تاريخ ثري وغني بالأحداث، نجد في الأساطير القديمة إنجازات تشين شه هوانغ (الإمبراطور الأول لأسرة تشين) وهان وو، وحماس امبراطورية تنغ، لافتات التحريم بالقصور الامبراطورية لأسرتي منج وتشنج، بالإضافة إلى حكمة العامل العادي وذكائه الذي ظهر في التاريخ منذ آلاف السنين، وكل هذا ظهر في مجال العمارة.
Book
Expanding the base editing scope in rice by using Cas9 variants
Summary Base editing is a novel genome editing strategy that enables irreversible base conversion at target loci without the need for double stranded break induction or homology‐directed repair. Here, we developed new adenine and cytosine base editors with engineered SpCas9 and SaCas9 variants that substantially expand the targetable sites in the rice genome. These new base editors can edit endogenous genes in the rice genome with various efficiencies. Moreover, we show that adenine and cytosine base editing can be simultaneously executed in rice. The new base editors described here will be useful in rice functional genomics research and will advance precision molecular breeding in crops.
Journal Article
Faculty development in Chinese higher education : concepts, practices, and strategies
This book provides a framework for investigating faculty development in the Chinese higher education system, and proposes a faculty development model, which is subsequently applied to assess the conceptual, practical and strategic dimensions of Chinese faculty development. The proposed framework is primarily based on reconstructing the higher education system. The book focuses on conceptualizing and pursuing faculty development. The intended readership includes researchers with an interest in, or whose work involves, research on faculty development and comparative higher education; administrators and stakeholders in Chinese higher education management; and graduate students majoring or minoring in comparative higher education.
Book
Cancer associated-fibroblast-derived exosomes in cancer progression
To identify novel cancer therapies, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has received a lot of attention in recent years in particular with the advent of clinical successes achieved by targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The TME consists of multiple cell types that are embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), including immune cells, endothelial cells and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which communicate with cancer cells and each other during tumor progression. CAFs are a dominant and heterogeneous cell type within the TME with a pivotal role in controlling cancer cell invasion and metastasis, immune evasion, angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. CAFs mediate their effects in part by remodeling the ECM and by secreting soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain various biomolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. The biomolecules in exosomes can be transmitted from one to another cell, and thereby affect the behavior of the receiving cell. As exosomes are also present in circulation, their contents can also be explored as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. In this review, we concentrate on the role of CAFs-derived exosomes in the communication between CAFs and cancer cells and other cells of the TME. First, we introduce the multiple roles of CAFs in tumorigenesis. Thereafter, we discuss the ways CAFs communicate with cancer cells and interplay with other cells of the TME, and focus in particular on the role of exosomes. Then, we elaborate on the mechanisms by which CAFs-derived exosomes contribute to cancer progression, as well as and the clinical impact of exosomes. We conclude by discussing aspects of exosomes that deserve further investigation, including emerging insights into making treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade more efficient.
Journal Article
المعمار الصيني
تعد العمارة الصینیة مثلھا مثل العمارة الإسلامیة من أشھر مدارس العمارة القدیمة في العالم، ولا یقتصر دور المعمار الصیني القدیم على كونه مرجعیة التصمیم المعماري الحدیث في الصین، بل له تأثیر عالمي أیضا، حیث أصبح میراث ثقافي یجذب أنظار العالم. فالاستمتاع بالمعمار الصیني مثل فتح كتاب تاریخ یحوى الكثیر من القصص والحكایات. وفي ھذا الكتاب نبدأ منذ بدایة ظھور العمارة التقلیدیة الصینیة في الأسر الحاكمة القدیمة قبل التاریخ حتى عمارة التاریخ الحدیث وتطوراتھا والمزج المعماري الحدیث بین الشرق والغرب، كما نتطرق لدخول العمارة الإسلامیة للصین وامتزاجھا بالعمارة الصینیة التقلیدیة وكذلك نقدم لك عزیزي القارئ ملامح العمارة الصینیة وموادھا المستخدمة ومدارسھا الفنیة واتجاھاتھا وما تتمیز بها عن غیرھا من فنون العمارة في العالم. لعلنا بذلك نساعدك على التعرف على تفسیر وشرح ثقافة الصین وحضارتھا ولعلنا بذلك نقرب ولو بشكل قلیل بین الثقافتین العربیة والصینیة اللتان أصبحتا تحتاج كل منھما لفھم الأخرى عن قرب.
BOOK
Epigenetic gene regulation in plants and its potential applications in crop improvement
DNA methylation, also known as 5-methylcytosine, is an epigenetic modification that has crucial functions in plant growth, development and adaptation. The cellular DNA methylation level is tightly regulated by the combined action of DNA methyltransferases and demethylases. Protein complexes involved in the targeting and interpretation of DNA methylation have been identified, revealing intriguing roles of methyl-DNA binding proteins and molecular chaperones. Structural studies and in vitro reconstituted enzymatic systems have provided mechanistic insights into RNA-directed DNA methylation, the main pathway catalysing de novo methylation in plants. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms will enable locus-specific manipulation of the DNA methylation status. CRISPR–dCas9-based epigenome editing tools are being developed for this goal. Given that DNA methylation patterns can be stably transmitted through meiosis, and that large phenotypic variations can be contributed by epimutations, epigenome editing holds great promise in crop breeding by creating additional phenotypic variability on the same genetic material.
This Review outlines progress in understanding the mechanisms of DNA methylation regulation in plants. Studies in various plants have revealed novel and diverse biological functions of DNA methylation that might assist in developing epigenome editing approaches suitable for crop breeding.
Journal Article