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Gut microbiota (GM) metabolites can modulate the physiology of the host brain through the gut–brain axis. We wished to discover connections between the GM, neurotransmitters, and brain function using direct and indirect methods. A diet with increased amounts of sugar and fat (high-sugar and high-fat (HSHF) diet) was employed to disturb the host GM. Then, we monitored the effect on pathology, neurotransmitter metabolism, transcription, and brain circularRNAs (circRNAs) profiles in mice. Administration of a HSHF diet-induced dysbacteriosis, damaged the intestinal tract, changed the neurotransmitter metabolism in the intestine and brain, and then caused changes in brain function and circRNA profiles. The GM byproduct trimethylamine-n-oxide could degrade some circRNAs. The basal level of the GM decided the conversion rate of choline to trimethylamine-n-oxide. A change in the abundance of a single bacterial strain could influence neurotransmitter secretion. These findings suggest that a new link between metabolism, brain circRNAs, and GM. Our data could enlarge the “microbiome–transcriptome” linkage library and provide more information on the gut–brain axis. Hence, our findings could provide more information on the interplay between the gut and brain to aid the identification of potential therapeutic markers and mechanistic solutions to complex problems encountered in studies of pathology, toxicology, diet, and nutrition development.

Background Low temperature restricts the planting range of all crops, but cold acclimation induces adaption to cold stress in many plants. Camellia sinensis , a perennial evergreen tree that is the source of tea, is mainly grown in warm areas. Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS) has greater cold tolerance than Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA). To gain deep insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cold adaptation, we investigated the physiological responses and transcriptome profiles by RNA-Seq in two tea varieties, cold resistant SCZ (classified as CSS) and cold susceptible YH9 (classified as CSA), during cold acclimation. Results Under freezing stress, lower relative electrical conductivity and higher chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) values were detected in SCZ than in YH9 when subjected to freezing acclimation. During cold treatment, 6072 and 7749 DEGs were observed for SCZ and YH9, respectively. A total of 978 DEGs were common for both SCZ and YH9 during the entire cold acclimation process. DEGs were enriched in pathways of photosynthesis, hormone signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation of plant-pathogen interactions. Further analyses indicated that decreased expression of Lhca2 and higher expression of SnRK2.8 are correlated with cold tolerance in SCZ. Conclusions Compared with CSA, CSS was significantly more resistant to freezing after cold acclimation, and this increased resistance was associated with an earlier expression of cold-induced genes. Because the greater transcriptional differentiation during cold acclimation in SCZ may contribute to its greater cold tolerance, our studies identify specific genes involved in photoinhibition, ABA signal conduction, and plant immunity that should be studied for understanding the processes involved in cold tolerance. Marker-assisted breeding focused on the allelic variation at these loci provides an avenue for the possible generation of CSA cultivars that have CSS-level cold tolerance.

In this paper, an adaptive S-transform with chirp-modulated window (ASTCMW) is proposed to improve the energy concentration of the S-transform using the rotation of a function which is the inverse fractional Fourier transform of the chirp-modulated window. The window contains two parameters, the chirp rate parameter and the frequency parameter. The chirp rate parameter varying over time and frequency can control the rotation of the function in the time–frequency plane, and it can be determined by maximizing the amplitude of the ASTCMW. The frequency parameter assists the chirp rate parameter to rotate the function at high frequencies, and it is analyzed by the match between the input signal and the chirp-modulated window. The ASTCMW improves greatly the energy concentration in the instantaneous frequency in noiseless and noisy environments. Furthermore, the instantaneous frequency equation based upon the ASTCMW is developed, and then, a synchroextracting transform is proposed. By extracting the time–frequency points satisfying the equation, the proposed synchroextracting transform sharpens the ASTCMW result and gives a high-resolution time–frequency representation. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ASTCMW and the proposed synchroextracting transform.

Frequency-crossing signals are widely found in nature and various engineering systems. Currently, achieving high-resolution time-frequency (TF) representation and accurate instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation for these signals presents a challenge and is a significant area of research. This paper proposes a solution that includes a high-concentration TF representation network and an IF separation and estimation network, designed specifically for analyzing frequency-crossing signals using classical TF analysis and U-net techniques. Through TF data generation, the construction of a U-net, and training, the high-concentration TF representation network achieves high-resolution TF characterization of different frequency-crossing signals. The IF separation and estimation network, with its discriminant model, offers flexibility in determining the number of components within multi-component signals. Following this, the separation network model, with an equal number of components, is utilized for signal separation and IF estimation. Finally, a comparison is performed against the short-time Fourier transform, synchrosqueezing transform, and convolutional neural network. Experimental validation shows that our proposed approach achieves high TF concentration, exhibiting robust noise immunity and enabling precise characterization of the time-varying law of frequency-crossing signals.

C-repeat (CRT)/dehydration responsive element (DRE)-binding factor CBFs, a small family of genes encoding transcriptional activators, play important roles in plant cold tolerance. In this study, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was carried out to identify and characterize the functional dynamics of CsCBFs in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis ). A total of 6 CBF genes were obtained from the tea plant genome and named CBF1-6 . All of the CsCBFs had an AP2/ERF DNA-binding domain and nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence. CsCBF-eGFP fusion and DAPI staining analysis confirmed the nuclear localization of the CsCBFs. Transactivation assays showed that the CsCBFs, except CsCBF1, had transcriptional activity. CsCBF expression was differentially induced by cold, heat, PEG, salinity, ABA, GA, MeJA, and SA stresses. In particular, the CsCBF genes were significantly induced by cold treatments. To further characterize the functions of CsCBF genes, we overexpressed the CsCBF3 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The resulting transgenic plants showed increased cold tolerance compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis plant. The enhanced cold tolerance of the transgenic plants was potentially achieved through an ABA-independent pathway. This study will help to increase our understanding of CsCBF genes and their contributions to stress tolerance in tea plants.

Gob-side entry retaining is a non-chain pillar mining technology in which reasonable roadside support is important for efficient roadway maintenance and goaf isolation in coal mines. A UDEC Trigon model is adopted in this paper to study the mechanism of crack expansion and evolution at various distances from the working face. This is done to optimize parameters for the roadside backfill body (RBB) by combining emergence, development and aggregation of micro-cracks with macroscopic mechanical responses. Results of the model show that cracks first appear in the top and bottom corner of the roadway in the lane-side RBB. Damage to the RBB is mainly caused by tensile cracks, which can be divided into main and secondary crack-development and yield-bearing zones. A reasonable aspect ratio of the RBB can greatly increase the area of the yield-bearing zone and reduce the damage degree, while reducing the number of penetrating cracks and preventing generation of seepage channels. The application of this model for gob-side entry retaining in the intake airway of the N2105 working face in the Yuwu coal mine indicates that deformation of the surrounding rocks can be effectively controlled.

This study evaluated retinal and choroidal microvascular changes in night shift medical workers and its correlation with melatonin level. Night shift medical workers (group A, 25 workers) and non-night shift workers (group B, 25 workers) were recruited. The images of macula and optic nerve head were obtained by swept-source OCT-angiography. Vessel density of retina, choriocapillaris (CC), choriocapillaris flow deficit (CC FD), choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were measured. 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration was analyzed from the morning urine. CC FD and CVI were significantly decreased and CT was significantly increased in group A (all P  < 0.05). 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration was significantly lower in group A ( P  < 0.05), which was significantly positively correlated with CC FD size ( r  = 0.318, P  = 0.024) and CVI of the most regions (maximum r -value was 0.482, P  < 0.001), and was significantly negatively associated with CT of all regions (maximum r -value was − 0.477, P  < 0.001). In night shift medical workers, the reduction of melatonin was significantly correlated with CT thickening, CVI reduction and CC FD reduction, which suggested that they might have a higher risk of eye diseases. CC FD could be a sensitive and accurate indicator to reflect CC perfusion.

The accurate assembly of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex is fundamental for the replication and transcription of rhabdoviruses, which are known for their broad pathogenic impact. A novel 119‐amino‐acid protein, NLRP12‐119aa is identified, encoded by the circular RNA circNLRP12, that effectively disrupts the formation of rhabdovirus RNP complexes through two distinct mechanisms and significantly reduces their replication. NLRP12‐119aa exhibits a strong affinity for the conserved 18‐nucleotide sequence at the start of the leader RNA of rhabdoviruses VSV, SCRV, and RABV, outcompeting their native N protein interactions, thereby disrupting the assembly of RNP complexes and inhibiting viral replication. NLRP12‐119aa exerts anti‐rhabdoviral effects by directly binding to the viral N protein, leading to its destabilization and accelerated degradation, and consequently hindering the formation of the viral RNP complex. To assess the therapeutic potential of circNLRP12 against rhabdovirus infections, a zebrafish model of VSV infection is established and noted a substantial reduction in viral load after‐treatment with circNLRP12, as well as the recovery of spleen's to a normalized state from its previously enlarged and hemorrhagic state. Collectively, these findings elucidate a novel dual anti‐RNP assembly strategy mediated by NLRP12‐119aa, offering valuable insights for further exploration and clinical management of rhabdoviral infections. The NLRP12‐119aa protein exerts its antiviral effect by two distinct mechanisms. First, it competes with the N protein of rhabdoviruses for binding to the viral leRNA, thereby preventing the formation of the RNP complex. Second, NLRP12‐119aa directly interacts with the rhabdovirus N protein, destabilizing it and promoting its degradation, which ultimately disrupts the assembly of the viral RNP complex.

Deep image prior (DIP) is a powerful technique for image restoration that leverages an untrained network as a handcrafted prior. DIP can also be used for hyperspectral image (HSI) denoising tasks and has achieved impressive performance. Recent works further incorporate different regularization terms to enhance the performance of DIP and successfully show notable improvements. However, most DIP-based methods for HSI denoising rarely consider the distribution of complicated HSI mixed noise. In this paper, we propose the asymmetric Laplace noise modeling deep image prior (ALDIP) for HSI mixed noise removal. Based on the observation that real-world HSI noise exhibits heavy-tailed and asymmetric properties, we model the HSI noise of each band using an asymmetric Laplace distribution. Furthermore, in order to fully exploit the spatial–spectral correlation, we propose ALDIP-SSTV, which combines ALDIP with a spatial–spectral total variation (SSTV) term to preserve more spatial–spectral information. Experiments on both synthetic data and real-world data demonstrate that ALDIP and ALDIP-SSTV outperform state-of-the-art HSI denoising methods.

With the advent of the aging society, how to grow old healthily has become an important issue for the whole of society. Effective intervention strategies for healthy aging are most desired, due to the complexity and diversity of genetic information, it is a pressing concern to find a single drug or treatment to improve longevity. In this study, long-term administration of triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum (TGL) can mitigate brain physiological decline in normal aging mice. In addition, the age-associated pathological features, including cataract formation, hair loss, and skin relaxation, brown adipose tissue accumulation, the β-galactosidase staining degree of kidney, the iron death of spleen, and liver functions exhibit improvement. We used the APP/PS1 mice and 3 × Tg-AD mice model of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) to further verify the improvement of brain function by TGL and found that Ganoderic acid A might be the effective constituent of TGL for anti-aging of the brain in the 3 × Tg-AD mice. A potential mechanism of action may involve the regulation of sphingolipid metabolism, prolonging of telomere length, and enhance autophagy, which allows for the removal of pathological metabolites.