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Electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) has attracted attention because of its high efficiency and environmental friendliness in water treatment. The preparation of anodes with high catalytic activity and long service lifetimes is a core part of electrocatalytic oxidation technology. Here, porous Ti/RuO2-IrO2@Pt, Ti/RuO2-TiO2@Pt, and Ti/Y2O3-RuO2-TiO2@Pt anodes were fabricated by means of modified micro-emulsion and vacuum impregnation methods with high porosity titanium plates as substrates. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that RuO2-IrO2@Pt, RuO2-TiO2@Pt, and Y2O3-RuO2-TiO2@Pt nanoparticles were coated on the inner surface of the as-prepared anodes to form the active layer. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the high porosity substrate could result in a large electrochemically active area, and a long service life (60 h at 2 A cm−2 current density, 1 mol L−1 H2SO4 as the electrolyte, and 40 °C). The degradation experiments conducted on tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) showed that the porous Ti/Y2O3-RuO2-TiO2@Pt had the highest degradation efficiency for tetracycline, reaching 100% removal in 10 min with the lowest energy consumption of 167 kWh kg−1 TOC. The reaction was consistent with the pseudo-primary kinetics results with a k value of 0.5480 mol L−1 s−1, which was 16 times higher than that of the commercial Ti/RuO2-IrO2 electrode. The fluorospectrophotometry studies verified that the degradation and mineralization of tetracycline were mainly ascribed to the •OH generated in the electrocatalytic oxidation process. This study thus presents a series of alternative anodes for future industrial wastewater treatment.

In this study, the performance of a zero-gap flow-through reactor with three-dimensional (3D) porous Ti/RuO2-TiO2@Pt anodes was systematically investigated for the electrocatalytic oxidation of phenolic wastewater, considering phenol and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as the target pollutants. The optimum parameters for the electrochemical oxidation of phenol and 4-NP were examined. For phenol degradation, at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L, initial pH of 7, NaCl concentration of 10.0 g/L, current density of 10 mA/cm2, and retention time of 30 min, the degradation efficiency achieved was 95.05%, with an energy consumption of 15.39 kWh/kg; meanwhile, for 4-NP, the degradation efficiency was 98.42% and energy consumption was 19.21 kWh/kg (at an initial concentration of 40 mg/L, initial pH of 3, NaCl concentration of 10.0 g/L, current density of 10 mA/cm2, and retention time of 30 min). The electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol and 4-NP conformed to the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, and the k values were 0.2562 min−1 and 0.1736 min−1, respectively, which are 1.7 and 3.6-times higher than those of a conventional electrolyzer. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to verify the intermediates formed during the degradation of phenol or 4-NP and a possible degradation pathway was provided. The extremely narrow electrode distance and the flow-through configuration of the zero-gap flow-through reactor were thought to be essential for its lower energy consumption and higher mass transfer efficiency. The zero-gap flow-through reactor with a novel 3D porous Ti/RuO2-TiO2@Pt electrode is a superior alternative for the treatment of industrial wastewater.

Chemical reactions with incompatible mechanisms (such as nucleophilic reactions and electrophilic reactions, cationic polymerization and anionic polymerization) are usually difficult to perform simultaneously in one-pot. In particular, synchronous cationic-anionic polymerization has been an important challenge in the field of polymer synthesis due to possible coupling termination of both chain ends. We recently found that such terminal couplings can be significantly inhibited by a bismuth salt with a strong nucleophilic anion (e.g., BiCl 3 ) and disclosed the mechanism. Accordingly, we propose a cationic-anionic polymerization (CAP) method where cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazolines (Ox) and anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of cyclic esters (CE) can be initiated sequentially and propagated simultaneously in one-pot, using bismuth salts as the initial initiators, to afford a multifunctional copolymer polyoxazoline- block -polyester (POx- b -PCE). Furthermore, a block copolymer PAPOZ 20 - b -PCL 5 synthesized by CAP can self-assemble into micellar aggregates, which exhibit excellent intrinsic antibacterial activities without loading any extra antibiotic components. Overall, such a CAP method opens new avenues for synthesizing multi-component copolymers and biomaterials. Chemical reactions with incompatible mechanisms are usually difficult to perform simultaneously in one-pot. Here the authors report a method where cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines and anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters can be initiated sequentially and propagate simultaneously in one-pot, using bismuth salts as the initial initiators.

Energy and pollution are major issues worldwide, calling for advanced techniques of biofuel production and environmental remediation, such solar photocatalysis. Engineering the co-catalyst at atom level has recently been proposed to increase the photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a new strategy for preparing highly stable single-atom photocatalysts containing abundant isolated atomic sites. We used oxygen vacancies (Vos) to confine Pt atoms and to produce single-atom photocatalysts, labeled Pt0.254/black TiO2, that are more efficient and more stable. Results show that Pt atoms are mainly located on surface oxygen vacancies and are rather uniformly distributed on the surface of black TiO2 at a concentration of 0.254 wt %. The single-atom photocatalyst displayed excellent catalytic efficiency and stability for hydrogen generation and phenol decomposition. Overall, our findings propose an alternative method to fabricate and engineer single-atom photocatalysts.

Childhood maltreatment stands out as a pivotal risk factor for depression, with gene-by-environment interaction serving as a crucial mechanism. Here we perform genome-wide interaction analyzes of childhood maltreatment in the UK Biobank, integrating methylation evidence through colocalization analysis and identifying associated brain structure abnormalities from childhood to adulthood. A genome-wide significant genomic region interacting with childhood maltreatment is identified at 8p11.21 ( IDO2 rs7846217, P  = 2.02e–08), implicating the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. Colocalization analysis reveals that IDO2 rs11777027, rs2340953 and rs28631334 are associated with depression in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment and colocalize with methylation signals in both blood and brain for IDO2 . These interactions affect cortical thickness of the left supramarginal gyrus in children ( P  = 9.72e–04) and adults ( P  = 1.34e–04), as well as cortical volume in the right angular gyrus in children ( P  = 1.02e–04). Furthermore, the interactions significantly predict new-onset depression at a 2-year follow-up in children. Stunted increase in cortical thickness of the left middle-anterior cingulate gyrus and sulcus significantly mediates the interaction between childhood maltreatment and IDO2 on childhood depression. These interactions also moderate antidepressant treatment efficacy at 4–6 weeks. Childhood maltreatment interacts with genes to increase depression risk. Here, Sun et al. use a genome-wide approach to identify variants of IDO2 associated with depression in individuals who have undergone child maltreatment.

Currently, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide faces significant challenges, including poor selectivity for C2 products and low conversion efficiency. An effective strategy for optimizing the reduction reaction pathway and enhancing catalytic performance involves manipulating highly unsaturated atomic sites on the catalyst’s surface, thereby increasing the number of active sites. In this study, we employed sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as a surfactant in the electrodeposition method to synthesize copper cubes encapsulated with an amorphous shell (100 nm–250 nm) containing numerous defect sites on its surface. The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions in an H-type reactor showed that, compared to ED-Cu synthesized without additives, AS (amorphous shell)-Cu-5 exhibited a Faradaic efficiency value for ethylene that was 1.7 times greater than that of ED-Cu while significantly decreasing the Faradaic efficiency of hydrogen production. In situ attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) revealed that introducing an amorphous shell and abundant defects altered both the intermediate species and reaction pathways on the AS-Cu-5 catalyst’s surface, favoring C2H4 formation. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that amorphous copper lowers the energy barrier required for C-C coupling, resulting in a marked enhancement in FE-C2H4. Therefore, additive-assisted electrodeposition presents a simple and rapid synthesis method for improving ethylene selectivity in copper catalysts.

Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been considered significant drivers of negative mental health and cognitive outcomes. However, identifying clear neurobiological signatures of ACEs has been challenging due to limited sample sizes, participant heterogeneity, and methodological variability. Methods A whole-brain meta-analysis was conducted to identify functional, structural, and overlapping brain alterations in ACEs-exposed individuals compared to unexposed controls, using a large sample (functional analysis: 63 studies, 3549 participants; structural analysis: 38 studies, 2919 participants). Subgroup analyses were performed based on age, adversity type, diagnostic status, and functional magnetic resonance imaging task domains, providing a more nuanced aspect of ACEs’ effect on neurodevelopment. Furthermore, the BrainMap-derived task activation maps, atlas-based nuclear imaging-derived neurotransmitter maps, and postmortem gene expression profiles were integrated to examine spatial correlations between ACEs-related brain abnormalities and downstream behavioral processes, disease domains, and upstream receptor/transporter distributions and gene expression. Results ACEs-exposed individuals exhibited significantly increased functional activity in the amygdala, increased gray matter volume (GMV) in the parahippocampal gyrus, and reduced GMV in the inferior frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus, with overlapping abnormalities observed in the parahippocampal gyrus. Subgroup analyses revealed distinct brain alterations. Furthermore, specific associations were identified between structural alterations and the distribution of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems. Enrichment analyses further emphasized the profound impact of ACEs on neurodevelopment, immunometabolism, and psychopathological trajectories. Conclusions These findings characterize the neural substrates of ACEs, providing valuable insights into their impact on neurodevelopment and suggesting potential targets for ACEs-related disorders.

Background Little is known about the effects of maintaining healthy sleep patterns on frailty transitions. Methods Based on 23,847 Chinese adults aged 30–79 in a prospective cohort study, we examined the associations between sleep patterns and frailty transitions. Healthy sleep patterns included sleep duration at 7 or 8 h/d, without insomnia disorder, and no snoring. Participants who persisted with a healthy sleep pattern in both surveys were defined as maintaining a healthy sleep pattern and scored one point. We used 27 phenotypes to construct a frailty index and defined three statuses: robust, prefrail, and frail. Frailty transitions were defined as the change of frailty status between the 2 surveys: improved, worsened, and remained. Log-binomial regression was used to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) to assess the effect of sleep patterns on frailty transitions. Results During a median follow-up of 8.0 years among 23,847 adults, 45.5% of robust participants, and 10.8% of prefrail participants worsened their frailty status, while 18.6% of prefrail participants improved. Among robust participants at baseline, individuals who maintained sleep duration of 7 or 8 h/ds, without insomnia disorder, and no-snoring were less likely to worsen their frailty status; the corresponding PRs (95% CIs) were 0.92 (0.89–0.96), 0.76 (0.74–0.77), and 0.85 (0.82–0.88), respectively. Similar results were observed among prefrail participants maintaining healthy sleep patterns. Maintaining healthy sleep duration and without snoring, also raised the probability of improving the frailty status; the corresponding PRs were 1.09 (1.00–1.18) and 1.42 (1.31–1.54), respectively. Besides, a dose-response relationship was observed between constantly healthy sleep scores and the risk of frailty transitions ( P for trend < 0.001). Conclusions Maintaining a comprehensive healthy sleep pattern was positively associated with a lower risk of worsening frailty status and a higher probability of improving frailty status among Chinese adults.

Optimizing paroxetine therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) requires effective prediction models for treatment efficacy and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This study aimed to develop prediction models for treatment remission and steady-state concentration (Css) of paroxetine, elucidate the role of CYP2D6 activity score (AS) in predicting Css, establish associations between adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and Css, and validate and update the therapeutic reference range (TRR) for patients with MDD in the Han Chinese population. We conducted a post-hoc analysis of an 8-week multicenter prospective cohort study involving 530 Han Chinese patients with MDD. Logistic regression models were developed to predict treatment remission at the eighth week and Css as a binary variable (within/outside TRR of 20–65 ng/ml). The model for predicting treatment remission demonstrated an AUC of 0.707, while the model for Css achieved an AUC of 0.615. Associations between ADRs and Css were assessed using logistic regression, adjusted for sex and age. Patients with Css within 20–65 ng/ml were more likely to achieve remission (OR = 1.655, 95% CI: 1.109–2.489) and less likely to experience ADRs (OR = 0.460, 95% CI: 0.203–0.961). Additionally, those with lower AS were more likely to maintain Css within this range (OR = 0.638, 95% CI: 0.461–0.878). ROC analysis further established an updated TRR of 20.8–52.5 ng/ml considering both treatment remission and ADRs. Our findings enhance paroxetine treatment and monitoring, underscoring the potential of CYP2D6 AS and Css as predictors for Css and treatment remission, respectively.

Polyurethane (PU) is a cornerstone of modern materials science, yet its reliance on petroleum‐based precursors and the limited recyclability of conventional formulations pose significant environmental challenges. In this study, a fully bio‐based polyurethane vitrimer system is developed enabled by a dual‐function SmI2‐mediated strategy that integrates Tishchenko coupling and phenol deprotection in a single step, simplifying the synthesis of bio‐based bisphenols with 100% atom utilization. These bisphenols introduce hydrolyzable ester bonds, allowing for complete degradation within ≈3 d (representative model), providing an efficient and eco‐friendly end‐of‐life solution. This approach offers a sustainable alternative to conventional bisphenol A (BPA). Moreover, by leveraging the electronic effects of bio‐based bisphenols, the dissociation temperature of phenol‐carbamate bonds can be widely tuned (≈70–120 °C), endowing the resulting Covalent Adaptable Network (CAN) PUs with excellent reprocessability, closed‐loop recyclability, and reconfigurable shape memory capability. Furthermore, the aromatic and ester‐rich structure enhances thermomechanical performance, yielding tensile strengths up to 33 MPa, elongations at break exceeding 400%, and toughness reaching 30 MJ m−3, surpassing most sustainable PUs. This work pioneers a scalable and fully bio‐based PU vitrimer platform with tunable performance, recyclability, and sustainable degradability, offering a compelling alternative to traditional thermosets and thermoplastics for next‐generation green materials. This study employs the Tishchenko coupling reaction to obtain bio‐based bisphenols containing degradable ester bonds with 100% atom utilization. Based on these bio‐based bisphenols, a fully bio‐based polyurethane Covalent Adaptable Networks are constructed, while simultaneously endowing the material with closed‐loop recyclability, degradability, and reconfigurable topology properties.