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"Zimring, Franklin E"
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The Great American Crime Decline
The major lesson from the 1990s is that relatively superficial changes in the character of urban life can be associated with up to 75% drops in the crime rate. Crime can drop even if there is no major change in the population, the economy or the schools. Offering the most reliable data available, this book documents the decline in the 1990s in American crime as the longest and largest since World War II. It ranges across both violent and non-violent offenses, all regions, and every demographic. All Americans, whether they live in cities or suburbs, whether rich or poor, are safer today. Casting a critical and unerring eye on current explanations, the book demonstrates that both long-standing theories of crime prevention and recently generated theories fall far short of explaining the drop in the 1990s. A careful study of Canadian crime trends reveals that imprisonment and economic factors may not have played the role in the U.S. crime drop that many have suggested. A combination of factors rather than a single cause produced the decline. It is clear that declines in the crime rate do not require fundamental social or structural change, but that smaller shifts in policy can make large differences. The significant reductions in crime rates, especially in New York, where crime dropped twice the national average, suggests that there is room for other cities to repeat this astounding success.
eBook
Police Killings as a Problem of Governance
Police kill more than a thousand civilians each year in the United States, a much higher death rate than occurs in any other developed nation. One important cause of the epidemic of civilian deaths is the larger risk that the police who patrol American communities face from civilian assaults with firearms, widely owned and often not visible. Yet many hundreds of killings each year of civilians in the United States are not necessary to protect either police or others from life-threatening attacks. Governments in the United States have failed to collect reliable data, investigate the causes of high death rates, or develop administrative standards to reduce unnecessary killings. The power and expertise vacuums that govern the current ignorance and overkill in the police use of deadly force are the direct, if unintended, consequences of state and federal government failures to assert authority over the many thousands of local police forces that are progeny of the American federal system.
Journal Article
When police kill
Deaths of civilians at the hands of on-duty police are in the national spotlight as never before. How many killings by police occur annually? What circumstances provoke police to shoot to kill? Who dies? The lack of answers to these basic questions points to a crisis in American government that urgently requires the attention of policy experts. 'When Police Kill' is an analysis of the use of lethal force by police in the United States and how its death toll can be reduced.
Book
Juvenile Justice in Global Perspective
Among developed nations, the United States has one of the most extreme and harsh criminal justice systems in the world-there is overwhelmingly more violence, more punishment, and more incarceration for both adults and juveniles here. But while American scholars may have extensive knowledge about other justice systems around the world and how adults are treated, juvenile justice systems and the plight of youth who break the law throughout the world is less often studied. This important volume fills a large gap in the study of juvenile justice by providing an unprecedented comparison of criminal justice and juvenile justice systems across the world, looking for points of comparison and policy variance that can lead to positive change in the United States.
Edited by three distinguished scholars on this topic,Juvenile Justice in Global Perspectivecontains original contributions from some of the world's leading voices. The contributors cover countries from Western Europe to rising powers like China, India, and countries in Latin America. The book discusses important issues such as the relationship between political change and juvenile justice, the common labels used to unify juvenile systems in different regions and in different forms of government, the types of juvenile systems that exist and how they differ, and the impact of national characteristic differences on outcomes of treatment. Furthermore, the book uses its data on criminal versus juvenile justice in a wide variety of nations to create a new explanation of why separate juvenile and criminal courts are felt to be necessary. Offering a unique, proactive and comprehensive approach to juvenile justice,Juvenile Justice in Global Perspectiveis an important resource for scholars, prosecutors, lawmakers, and judges who hope to shape a better future for youth involved with the criminal justice system.
eBook
Choosing the Future for American Juvenile Justice
This is a hopeful but complicated era for those with ambitions
to reform the juvenile courts and youth-serving public institutions
in the United States. As advocates plea for major reforms, many
fear the public backlash in making dramatic changes. Choosing the
Future for American Juvenile Justice provides a look at the recent
trends in juvenile justice as well as suggestions for reforms and
policy changes in the future. Should youth be treated as adults
when they break the law? How can youth be deterred from crime? What
factors should be considered in how youth are punished?What role
should the police have in schools? This essential volume, edited by
two of the leading scholars on juvenile justice, and with
contributors who are among the key experts on each issue, the
volume focuses on the most pressing issues of the day: the impact
of neuroscience on our understanding of brain development and
subsequent sentencing, the relationship of schools and the police,
the issue of the school-to-prison pipeline, the impact of
immigration, the privacy of juvenile records, and the need for
national policies-including registration requirements--for juvenile
sex offenders. Choosing the Future for American Juvenile Justice is
not only a timely collection, based on the most current research,
but also a forward-thinking volume that anticipates the needs for
substantive and future changes in juvenile justice.
eBook
The next frontier : national development, political change, and the death penalty in Asia
Asia is the next frontier in the campaign to end state execution because more than 95 percent of the executions in the world take place there. This book combines detailed case studies of the death penalty in major Asian nations with cross-national comparisons. It demonstrates decline in the number of Asian countries using execution as a criminal sanction and a decline in the rate of executions in most nations that retain the death penalty. Few Asian nations conduct executions with any regularity, and even major nations with death penalties in their criminal codes use the sanction rarely. What separates the low-execution nations from the very few states with high execution rates is, more than anything, politics. All of Asia's high execution states are hard-line authoritarian regimes of the left or right. When former right-wing authoritarian states experience democratic reforms, the rate of executions drops sharply and the only noncommunist government that maintains high executions is Singapore. The key question is not whether Asia will end state executions, but when it can be expected to do so. If the end of executions depends on the democratization of relatively stable hard-line communist regimes, many decades may be required, but if the stigma of state executions continues to increase, the end of capital punishment in Asia could happen before more comprehensive political change occurs.
eBook