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The paper reports the findings of four years of pilot-scale research on nitrogen removal in fixed-bed biofilters fed on real raw municipal wastewater. The plant was made of two fixed-bed biofilm reactors in series with an intermediate settling tank from which excess biomass from the first stage was discharged. The first filter was used for carbon removal either with oxygen or nitrates. The second filter was used for nitrification. The average nitrification rate at 20°C was 0.84 gNH4+-N m−2d−1 with 5 mg I−1 dissolved oxygen in the bulk liquid. Temperature dependence was calculated (rn = rn.20° 1,05T−20). The influent organic load strongly affected ammonia oxidation. If the organic loading exceeded 2.5 gCOD m−2 d−1 nitrification rate was reduced by 50%. Denitrification was performed by recycling nitrates back from the second filter and by using sewage itself as carbon source. Denitrification rate showed to be strongly dependent on temperature (rd = rd.20° 1.11T−20) and on the recycle rate. Hydrolysis of the colloidal COD fraction showed a similar dependence on both temperature and recycle rate. Therefore, it has been concluded that the hydrolysis of finely dispersed COD particles can be the limiting step of denitrification in the biofilter when real sewage is used as carbon source.

The paper reports the findings of four years of pilot-scale research on nitrogen removal in fixed-bed biofilters fed on real raw municipal wastewater. The plant was made of two fixed-bed biofilm reactors in series with an intermediate settling tank from which excess biomass from the first stage was discharged. The first filter was used for carbon removal either with oxygen or nitrates. The second filter was used for nitrification. The average nitrification rate at 20°C was 0.84 gNH4+-N m−2d−1 with 5 mg l−1 dissolved oxygen in the bulk liquid. Temperature dependence was calculated (rn = rn,20° 1,05T-20). The influent organic load strongly affected ammonia oxidation. If the organic loading exceeded 2.5 gCOD m−2 d−1 nitrification rate was reduced by 50%. Denitrification was performed by recycling nitrates back from the second filter and by using sewage itself as carbon source. Denitrification rate showed to be strongly dependent on temperature (rd = rd,20° 1.11T-20) and on the recycle rate. Hydrolysis of the colloidal COD fraction showed a similar dependence on both temperature and recycle rate. Therefore, it has been concluded that the hydrolysis of finely dispersed COD particles can be the limiting step of denitrification in the biofilter when real sewage is used as carbon source.

We use resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the O \\(K\\)- and Cu \\(K\\)-edges to investigate the doping- and temperature dependence of low-energy plasmon excitations in La\\(_2-x\\)Sr\\(_x\\)CuO\\(_4\\). We observe a monotonic increase of the energy scale of the plasmons with increasing doping \\(x\\) in the underdoped regime, whereas a saturation occurs above optimal doping \\(x 0.16\\) and persists at least up to \\(x = 0.4\\). Furthermore, we find that the plasmon excitations show only a marginal temperature dependence, and possible effects due to the superconducting transition and the onset of strange metal behavior are either absent or below the detection limit of our experiment. Taking into account the strongly correlated character of the cuprates, we show that layered \\(t\\)-\\(J\\)-\\(V\\) model calculations accurately capture the increase of the plasmon energy in the underdoped regime. However, the computed plasmon energy continues to increase even for doping levels above \\(x 0.16\\), which is distinct from the experimentally observed saturation, and reaches a broad maximum around \\(x = 0.55\\). We discuss whether possible lattice disorder in overdoped samples, a renormalization of the electronic correlation strength at high dopings, or an increasing relevance of non-planar Cu and O orbitals could be responsible for the discrepancy between experiment and theory for doping levels above \\(x = 0.16\\).

An invention of the Industrial Revolution, the accordion provided the less affluent with an inexpensive, loud, portable, and durable \"one-man-orchestra\" capable of producing melody, harmony, and bass all at once. Imported from Europe into the Americas, the accordion with its distinctive sound became a part of the aural landscape for millions of people but proved to be divisive: while the accordion formed an integral part of working-class musical expression, bourgeois commentators often derided it as vulgar and tasteless._x000B__x000B_This rich collection considers the accordion and its myriad forms, from the concertina, button accordion, and piano accordion familiar in European and North American music to the exotic-sounding South American bandoneón and the sanfoninha. Capturing the instrument's spread and adaptation to many different cultures in North and South America, contributors illuminate how the accordion factored into power struggles over aesthetic values between elites and working-class people who often were members of immigrant and/or marginalized ethnic communities. Specific histories and cultural contexts discussed include the accordion in Brazil, Argentine tango, accordion traditions in Colombia, cross-border accordion culture between Mexico and Texas, Cajun and Creole identity, working-class culture near Lake Superior, the virtuoso Italian-American and Klezmer accordions, Native American dance music, and American avant-garde. _x000B__x000B_Contributors are María Susana Azzi, Egberto Bermúdez, Mark DeWitt, Joshua Horowitz, Sydney Hutchinson, Marion Jacobson, James P. Leary, Megwen Loveless, Richard March, Cathy Ragland, Helena Simonett, Jared Snyder, Janet L. Sturman, and Christine F. Zinni.

OBJECTIVE:The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine has updated the treatment guidelines in its Elbow Disorders chapter through revision processes begun in 2006. This abbreviated version of that chapter highlights some of the evidence and recommendations developed. METHODS:Comprehensive systematic literature reviews were accomplished with article abstraction, critiquing, grading, evidence table compilation, and guideline finalization by a multidisciplinary expert panel and extensive peer-review to develop evidence-based guidance. Consensus recommendations were formulated when evidence was lacking and often relied on analogy to other disorders for which evidence exists. A total of 108 high- or moderate-quality trials were identified for elbow disorders. RESULTS:Guidance has been developed for 13 major diagnoses and includes 270 specific recommendations. CONCLUSION:Quality evidence is now available to guide treatment for elbow disorders, particularly for lateral epicondylalgia.

The professionalization of forensic anthropology in North America began with the establishment of the Physical Anthropology section (now Anthropology Section) of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) in 1972 and the development of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA) board certification program in 1977–78. This review first outlines the history of ABFA board certification, then discusses temporal trends among ABFA diplomate recipients, ABFA leadership, and ABFA qualification requirements (i.e., examination structure and content). The data reveal that ABFA demographic and qualification developments mirror academic trends in the discipline over the past four decades. Our assessment indicates substantial growth of the ABFA from the year 2000 to present, a shorter waiting period between receipt of the PhD and board certification, and a significant shift toward a membership and leadership reflective of a younger cohort with greater representation by women. Changes in ABFA qualifications, as revealed by an exam content review over this period, reflect many of the academic trends we have seen in our discipline as a whole, including greater specialization, reliance on technological advancements, recognition of population variability, and the need to accurately measure and mitigate error and bias. With the increased availability of DNA analysis, biological profile research and expertise may be giving way to other specializations within forensic anthropology, including bone morphology, skeletal growth and development, fracture biomechanics, fracture healing, and taphonomy, including time since death estimation.

Candida antarctica B lipase-catalysed alcoholysis of 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-hexanoyluridine (1a), 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-dodecanoyluridine (1b), 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-hexanoylinosine (1c) and 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-dodecanoylinosine (1d) proceeded regioselectively to produce the corresponding 2', 3'-di-O-acylribonucleosides 2a-d, providing a simple and efficient access to these new lipophilic compounds. Contrasting to the alcoholysis, enzymatic hydrolysis of 1a-d using different enzymes and experimental conditions did not proceed regioselectively.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Lipase-catalysed alcoholysis and hydrolysis of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (1a) and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-2'-C-methyluridine (1b) were studied. Conditions for full and regioselective deacetylation of 1aand 1b are shown in the present work. New compound 2',3'-di-O-acetyl-2'-C-methyluridine (3b) was prepared by regioselective lipase-catalysed deacetylation.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Former top commander Anthony Zinni condemns Pentagon officials over Iraq war, saying 'They've screwed up!' Steve Kroft reports.

Former top commander Anthony Zinni condemns Pentagon officials over Iraq war, saying 'They've screwed up!' Steve Kroft reports.