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Obesity is the cause of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases, leading to increased medical costs, and causing a great burden to individuals, families and society. The prevalence of obesity is increasing and has become a global health problem. There is growing evidence that gut microbiota plays an important role in obesity. In this article, we revealed the differences in the gut microbiota between 21 people with obesity and 21 control subjects, and predicted the functional potential changes by 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal bacteria of the subjects. The raw sequencing data of 21 healthy Beijing volunteers was downloaded from Microbial Genome Database System. Microbial 16S rRNA genes of 21 adults with obesity were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument and analyzed by using bioinformatics and statistical methods. The diversity of gut microbiota in people with obesity decreased significantly. There were significant differences in gut microbiota between the Obesity and Control group at different levels. At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria are significantly different between the Obesity and Control group. In people with obesity, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased significantly. At the genus level, there were significant differences among the 16 major genera, of which four genera Prevotella, Megamonas, Fusobacterium and Blautia increased significantly in people with obesity, while the remaining 12 genera, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, Gemmiger and Clostridium XlVa, etc. decreased significantly. At the species level, nine species including Bacteroides uniformis and Prevotella copri had significant differences. Compared with the control group, subjects with obesity were abnormalities in 57 pathways, mainly in Carbohydrate metabolism and Lipid metabolism. Overall, our study revealed differences in the gut microbiota between people with obesity and control subjects, providing novel target for the treatment of individuals with obesity.

In this study, we tested the feces of children with ASD and those of healthy children, and the overall changing of the gut fungal community was observed in ASD children compared with controls. However, there were no abundant fungi populations showed significant variations between the ASD and Control group both at phylum and class level. Among the 507 genera identified, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus showed significant differences between ASD (59.07%) and Control (40.36%), indicating that they may be involved in the abnormal gut fungal community structure of ASD. When analyzed at the species level, a decreased abundance in Aspergillus versicolor was observed while Saccharomyces cerevisiae was increased in children with ASD relative to controls. Overall, this study characterized the fungal microbiota profile of children with ASD and identified potential diagnostic species closely related to the immune response in ASD.

Besides lithium‐ion batteries, it is imperative to develop new battery energy storage system with high energy density. In conjunction with the development of Li‐S batteries, emerging sulfur‐containing polymers with tunable sulfur‐chain length and organic groups gradually attract much attention as cathode materials. This can avoid the problems that are impeding the development of the typical Li‐S batteries, such as volume expansion, active material dissolution, shuttle effect, and so on. This review aims to generalize the type of sulfur‐containing polymers and the working principles in Li‐S batteries. The sulfur‐containing polymers (R‐Sn‐R) with different sulfur‐chain length (n > 6, n ≤ 2, and 3 ≤ n ≤ 6) are summarized. It also discusses several organic groups such as phenyl rings, N‐heterocycles, and unique structure with cross‐linked networks and multi‐micropores skeleton. This review also explores other strategies of sulfur‐containing polymers in the rest of Li‐S batteries, providing a summary of the advantages of sulfur‐containing polymers, recent development, in‐depth discussion of the mechanism in Li‐S batteries, and organic group‐structure‐performance relationship. This review would have guidelines for future development of sulfur‐containing polymers in Li‐S batteries. Sulfur‐containing polymers with high capacity and average cell voltage endow lithium‐sulfur batteries more promising power density and gravimetric energy density than that of lithium‐ion batteries. Sulfur‐containing polymers serve as cathode active materials possess only one discharging voltage plateau behavior contribute to realize high performance of batteries. Li‐S batteries hold the promise of the next generation energy storage system, which sits somewhere between supercapacitors and internal combustion engines in the P‐WG density diagram, providing a high gravimetric energy density and power density.

The study aimed to investigate whether self-talk could enhance participants’ motor performance and attention, even in the presence of distracting interferences and while experiencing ego depletion. To achieve this, 43 novices were randomly assigned into a self-talk group and a control group. Only the self-talk group received the self-talk intervention, and all participants performed a dart throwing task after experiencing ego depletion. In addition, noise interference was added during the dart throwing process. The results indicated that, as predicted, participants in the self-talk group showed enhanced attention functions and more stable motor performance compared to the control group participants, which supports the attentional effect of self-talk. The findings also have practical implications for coaches and athletes. Future research should further use brain science methods to reveal the attentional mechanism by which self-talk improves motor performance when cognitive resources are extremely low and the moderating role of motor experience in this.

The runoff change in a large river is significant for hydrological event monitoring, such as floods and droughts. In this paper, we attempt to invert the river flow change based on the surface displacements observed by the continuous global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations in the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River (WYR). We establish a two‐dimensional model accounting for deformation from a line load in an elastic half‐space to estimate the annual water load change from the GNSS data. The results show that the inverted line load from the annual maximum displacement change observed by the GNSS is Ne=2.30×108N·m−1${N}_{e}=2.30\\times {10}^{8}\\mathrm{N}\\cdot {\\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ , which is in good agreement with the river load from the hydrological station. This paper demonstrates a low‐cost and practical method to river flow research in local areas, which is also a creative application for the GNSS. Plain Language Summary The runoff change in large rivers is an important element for flood and drought monitoring. Hydrological stations are used to monitor the water load change. Because of the high cost of construction and maintenance, there are few hydrological stations in most areas, and the unpredictable noise of hydrological stations influences the stability and precision of the results. We use the vertical displacements observed by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to estimate the river load and find that the results agree with the calculated water load change from hydrological stations. Thus, the GNSS can be an alternative for runoff change research, with low cost and high efficiency. In this study, we find a new application for the GNSS to water runoff change in local areas. Key Points We propose a new method for estimate the river load change using the continuous global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data A simple two‐dimensional line load on Elastic half‐space can invert the river load with considerable accuracy in local areas The forward modeling prove that the modeled displacement agrees with the observed displacement from the GNSS

On 22 May 2021, the Maduo Earthquake occurred on a branch fault of the East Kunlun fault in the Bayan Har Block, which provides opportunity to constrain fault geometry and strain accumulation and release for assessment of earthquake hazards. We processed the Sentinal-1A/B SAR images acquired before and after the earthquake, with which we constrained a finite fault model to best fit to the combined data set of downsampled InSAR image and GPS displacements. The inversion indicates that the Maduo event ruptured a 160 km long section striking 286.5° and a dipping 81.39° with rake angle of 4.62°. The model suggests three compact rupture areas with the slip amplitude exceeding 4 m on the main rupture section and the largest slip region is in the east of the epicenter with a slip of approximately 4.6 m below the surface, in a good agreement with the field geological survey. The total geodetic moment is 1.67 × 1020 N·m equivalent to Mw7.44, slightly larger than estimate of the USGS.

As a hydrocarbon–rich byproduct of petroleum systems, natural solid bitumen demonstrates dual dissolution and adsorption functionalities toward liquid hydrocarbons. Elucidating these adsorption mechanisms provides critical insights into hydrocarbon expulsion dynamics during bitumen secondary cracking and informs strategies for fluidity modulation. This molecular–scale investigation systematically examines interfacial binding mechanisms governing bitumen–hydrocarbon interactions. Building upon atomistically resolved models, semi–flexible docking simulations were conducted across hydrocarbon compound classes and thermal maturation stages. Quantitative analysis of binding Gibbs free energy differentials between saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons revealed distinct interaction modalities governing solid–liquid organic interfaces. These interfacial interactions exhibit four governing parameters: hydrocarbon type, molecular weight, methyl group density at organic interfaces, and condensation degree. High molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with elevated condensation degrees and their derivatives display enhanced binding affinities, contrasting with the weak retention observed for light hydrocarbons, small cycloalkanes, and low–weight aromatic species.

In order to solve the problem of high fuel consumption and poor emission performance in high horsepower tractors, a parallel hybrid tractor system was designed using a dual power source of an engine and motor matched with a hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT). An equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) was used for power distribution of this hybrid system. To address the problem of poor adaptability of the equivalence factor to different working cycles in the conventional ECMS, a fuzzy adaptive equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (FA-ECMS) was proposed. A fuzzy PI controller based on battery SOC (State of Charge) feedback was designed to adjust the equivalence factor in real time, so as to achieve adaptive control of the equivalence factor. The physical model of the system was built by SimulationX, and the model of the control strategy was built using Matlab/Simulink. Two typical cycles of tractor plowing and road transportation were simulated. Under ECMS, the fuel consumption of the hybrid agricultural tractor was 14.3 L and 1.19 L in one plowing cycle and one transport cycle, respectively, with final battery SOC values of 60.75% and 60.32%, respectively. Under FA-ECMS, the hybrid farm tractor consumed 13.34 L and 1.13 L in one plowing cycle and one transport cycle, respectively, with final battery SOC values of 60.27% and 60.17%, respectively. The results showed that, with the introduction of a fuzzy PI controller to dynamically adjust the equivalence factor, the overall fuel consumption was reduced by 6.71% and 5.04%, respectively, and the battery power maintenance performance was improved. The designed control strategy could achieve a more reasonable power distribution between the engine and motor while maintaining the balance of the battery SOC.

Urethral stricture is characterized by the chronic formation of fibrous tissue, leading to the narrowing of the urethral lumen. Despite the availability of various endoscopic treatments, the recurrence of urethral strictures remains a common challenge. Postsurgery pharmacotherapy targeting tissue fibrosis is a promising option for reducing recurrence rates. Although drugs cannot replace surgery, they can be used as adjuvant therapies to improve outcomes. In this regard, many drugs have been proposed based on the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of urethral stricture. Ongoing studies have obtained substantial progress in treating urethral strictures, highlighting the potential for improved drug effectiveness through appropriate clinical delivery methods. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest researches on the mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of urethral stricture and the drugs to provide a theoretical basis and new insights for the effective use and future advancements in drug therapy for urethral stricture.

This study aims to explore the low phosphorus (P) tolerance of saplings from different Gleditsia sinensis Lam. families. It also seeks to screen for Gleditsia sinensis families with strong low P tolerance and identify key indicators for evaluating their tolerance. This research provides a foundation for the breeding of superior families of Gleditsia sinensis and the study of mechanisms underlying low P tolerance. Using saplings from 30 Gleditsia sinensis families as the research subjects, a sand culture pot experiment was conducted. This study set up low P treatment (0.01 mmol L −1 ) and normal P treatment (1 mmol L −1 ). Twenty-five indicators including growth morphology, biomass, root morphology, and P content were measured. The low P tolerance coefficient was used as the basic data for assessing the low P tolerance of Gleditsia sinensis . The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was employed to comprehensively assess the low P tolerance types of Gleditsia sinensis a stepwise regression model was established to identify the key evaluation indicators for low P tolerance. The results indicate that low P stress reduced plant height, stem diameter, and biomass in most Gleditsia sinensis families, but increased the root morphological indicators, root-shoot ratio and PUE of various organs. Principal component analysis transformed the 25 indicators into 6 independent comprehensive indicators, with a cumulative contribution rate of 86.743%. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method calculated a comprehensive evaluation value (D value), enabling the screening of Gleditsia sinensis families into low P tolerant and low P sensitive types. Cluster analysis grouped the 30 Gleditsia sinensis families into 4 types. Among them, F13, F10, F9, F18, F15, and F28 were classified as low P tolerant types; F6, F23, F3, F17, F20, F2, F12, F11, F16, F8, F5, F27, F1, and F26 were categorized as intermediate types; F30, F7, F22, F4, F19, F29, F24, F14 and F25 were considered low P sensitive types, and F21 was classified as extremely low P sensitive types. The stepwise regression analysis identified the indicators stem diameter, total root volume, shoot dry weight, total root projection area, and leaf P content as the key factors for discriminating the low P tolerance of Gleditsia sinensis . The regression model is as follows: D=-0.005 + 0.323 stem diameter *+0.154 * total root volume + 0.196* shoot dry weight + 0.139* total root projection area − 0.112* leaf P content. In summary, low P stress inhibited the growth of Gleditsia sinensis saplings, but it increased the root morphological indicators, root-shoot ratio and PUE of various organs to cope with low P environments. The screening identified F13, F10, F9, F18, F15, and F28 as low P tolerant Gleditsia sinensis families. The evaluation indicators for low P tolerance in Gleditsia sinensis were identified as stem diameter, total root volume, shoot dry weight, total root projection area and leaf P content.