Explore the vast range of titles available.

The slow delayed rectifier potassium current, I Ks , conducted through pore-forming Q1 and auxiliary E1 ion channel complexes is important for human cardiac action potential repolarization. During exercise or fright, I Ks is up-regulated by protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated Q1 phosphorylation to maintain heart rhythm and optimum cardiac performance. Sympathetic up-regulation of I Ks requires recruitment of PKA holoenzyme (two regulatory – RI or RII – and two catalytic Cα subunits) to Q1 C-terminus by an A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP9). Mutations in Q1 or AKAP9 that abolish their functional interaction result in long QT syndrome type 1 and 11, respectively, which increases the risk of sudden cardiac death during exercise. Here, we investigated the utility of a targeted protein phosphorylation (TPP) approach to reconstitute PKA regulation of I Ks in the absence of AKAP9. Targeted recruitment of endogenous Cα to E1-YFP using a GFP/YFP nanobody (nano) fused to RIIα enabled acute cAMP-mediated enhancement of I Ks , reconstituting physiological regulation of the channel complex. By contrast, nano-mediated tethering of RIIα or Cα to Q1-YFP constitutively inhibited I Ks by retaining the channel intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Proteomic analysis revealed that distinct phosphorylation sites are modified by Cα targeted to Q1-YFP compared to free Cα. Thus, functional outcomes of synthetically recruited PKA on I Ks regulation is critically dependent on the site of recruitment within the channel complex. The results reveal insights into divergent regulation of I Ks by phosphorylation across different spatial and time scales, and suggest a TPP approach to develop new drugs to prevent exercise-induced sudden cardiac death.

Epicardium, the most outer mesothelium, exerts crucial functions in fetal heart development and adult heart regeneration. Here we use a three-step manipulation of WNT signalling entwined with BMP and RA signalling for generating a self-organized epicardial organoid that highly express with epicardium makers WT1 and TCF21 from human embryonic stem cells. After 8-days treatment of TGF-beta following by bFGF, cells enter into epithelium-mesenchymal transition and give rise to smooth muscle cells. Epicardium could also integrate and invade into mouse heart with SNAI1 expression, and give birth to numerous cardiomyocyte-like cells. Single-cell RNA seq unveils the heterogeneity and multipotency exhibited by epicardium-derived-cells and fetal-like epicardium. Meanwhile, extracellular matrix and growth factors secreted by epicardial organoid mimics the ecology of subepicardial space between the epicardium and cardiomyocytes. As such, this epicardial organoid offers a unique ground for investigating and exploring the potential of epicardium in heart development and regeneration.

Polyubiquitin chain diversity generates a ‘ubiquitin code’ that universally regulates protein abundance, localization, and function. Functions of polyubiquitin diversity are mostly unknown, with lack of progress due to an inability to selectively tune protein polyubiquitin linkages in live cells. We develop linkage-selective engineered deubiquitinases (enDUBs) by fusing linkage-selective DUB catalytic domains to GFP-targeted nanobody and use them to investigate polyubiquitin linkage regulation of an ion channel, YFP-KCNQ1. YFP-KCNQ1 in HEK293 cells has polyubiquitin chains with K48/K63 linkages dominant. EnDUBs yield unique effects on channel surface abundance with a pattern indicating: K11 promotes ER retention/degradation, enhances endocytosis, and reduces recycling; K29/K33 promotes ER retention/degradation; K63 enhances endocytosis and reduces recycling; and K48 is necessary for forward trafficking. EnDUB effects differ in cardiomyocytes and on KCNQ1 disease mutants, emphasizing ubiquitin code mutability. The results reveal distinct polyubiquitin chains control different aspects of KCNQ1 abundance and subcellular localization and introduce linkage-selective enDUBs as potent tools to demystify the polyubiquitin code. Polyubiquitin chains form a “ubiquitin code” to control protein functions. Here, the authors develop linkage-selective enDUBs to study this in live cells. Applied to Kv7.1 ion channel, enDUBs reveal distinct roles for K11, K29/33, K48, and K63 chains in regulating channel abundance and trafficking.

Targeted protein degradation/downregulation (TPD/TPDR) is a disruptive paradigm for developing therapeutics. <2% of ~600 E3 ligases have been exploited for this modality, and efficacy for multi-subunit ion channels has not been demonstrated. NEDD4-2 E3 ligase regulates myriad ion channels, but its utility for TPD/TPDR is uncertain due to complex regulatory mechanisms. Here, we identify a nanobody that binds NEDD4-2 HECT domain without disrupting catalysis sites as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy and in vitro ubiquitination assays. Recruiting NEDD4-2 to diverse ion channels (Ca V 2.2; KCNQ1; and epithelial Na + channel, ENaC, with a Liddle syndrome mutation) using divalent nanobodies (DiVas) strongly suppresses their surface density and function. Global proteomics indicates DiVa recruitment of endogenous NEDD4-2 to KCNQ1-YFP yields dramatically lower off-target effects compared to NEDD4-2 overexpression. The results establish utility of NEDD4-2 recruitment for TPD/TPDR, validate ion channels as susceptible to this modality, and introduce a general method to generate ion channel inhibitors. Researchers develop a new way to selectively remove ion channel proteins by recruiting the body’s own NEDD4-2 enzyme using custom nanobodies, offering a precise and general strategy for future drug development.

Background One promising strategy to generate humanized organs is through embryo complementation by injecting human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into gene-edited porcine embryos. This strategy is predicated on how human cells adapt to a porcine environment, which has a body temperature of 38.5 °C, much higher than that of the human body. Results Here, we present an in vitro model to address this problem by coculturing human and porcine induced PSCs at 38.5 °C and inducing them to generate cardiomyocytes. We show that co-cultured human cells can differentiate into myocardial features with the help of porcine cells at an enhanced differentiation rate. Mechanistically, we show that co-cultured human cells respond to elevated temperature by activating a stress response with the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway activated. Moreover, a model mimicking embryo complementation by knocking out MYH6 in pig PSCs reveals the potential risk of porcine cells leaking into human-derived tissues. Conclusions Together, our studies present a novel model system to evaluate human and porcine cell co-differentiation that may guide the planning of in vivo experiments.

THIK-2 belongs to the ‘silent’ channels of the two-pore-domain potassium channel family. It is highly expressed in many nuclei of the brain but has so far resisted all attempts at functional expression. THIK-2 has a highly conserved 19-amino-acid region in its N terminus (residues 6–24 in the rat orthologue) that is missing in the closely related channel THIK-1. After deletion of this region (THIK-2 Δ6–24 mutant), functional expression of the channel was observed in Xenopus oocytes and in mammalian cell lines. The resulting potassium current showed outward rectification under physiological conditions and slight inward rectification with symmetrical high-K + solutions and could be inhibited by application of halothane or quinidine. Another THIK-2 mutant, in which the putative retention/retrieval signal RRR at positions 14-16 was replaced by AAA, produced a similar potassium current. Both mutants showed a distinct localisation to the surface membrane when tagged with green fluorescent protein and expressed in a mammalian cell line, whereas wild-type THIK-2 was mainly localised to the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings suggest that deletion of the retention/retrieval signal RRR enabled transport of THIK-2 channels to the surface membrane. Combining the mutation THIK-2 Δ6–24 with a mutation in the pore cavity (rat THIK-2 I158G ) gave rise to a 12-fold increase in current amplitude, most likely due to an increase in open probability. In conclusion, the characteristics of THIK-2 channels can be analysed in heterologous expression systems by using trafficking and/or gating mutants. The possible mechanisms that enable THIK-2 expression at the surface membrane in vivo remain to be determined.

Polyubiquitin chain diversity generates a 'ubiquitin code' that universally regulates protein abundance, localization, and function. Functions of polyubiquitin diversity are mostly unknown, with lack of progress due to an inability to selectively tune protein polyubiquitin linkages in live cells. We develop linkage-selective engineered deubiquitinases (enDUBs) by fusing linkage-selective DUB catalytic domains to GFP-targeted nanobody and use them to investigate polyubiquitin linkage regulation of an ion channel, YFP-KCNQ1. YFP-KCNQ1 in HEK293 cells has polyubiquitin chains with K48/K63 linkages dominant. EnDUBs yield unique effects on channel surface abundance with a pattern indicating: K11 promotes ER retention/degradation, enhances endocytosis, and reduces recycling; K29/K33 promotes ER retention/degradation; K63 enhances endocytosis and reduces recycling; and K48 is necessary for forward trafficking. EnDUB effects differ in cardiomyocytes and on KCNQ1 disease mutants, emphasizing ubiquitin code mutability. The results reveal distinct polyubiquitin chains control different aspects of KCNQ1 abundance and subcellular localization and introduce linkage-selective enDUBs as potent tools to demystify the polyubiquitin code.

The human heart, crucial for health and longevity, is a primary focus of medical research. Despite advancements in cardiac organoid technology, replicating early cardiac chamber formation stages remains challenging. Here, we develop chambered cardiac organoids (CCOs) by orchestrating cardiac signaling pathways, including the synergistic modulation of FGF and Wnt signaling via the HAND1 transcription factor. These CCOs exhibit stable chambers with self-organized outer myocardial and inner endocardial layers, and express developmental markers such as NKX2.5, TNNT2, and NAPPA, demonstrating physiological functionality including spontaneous contractions and calcium transients. Immunofluorescence and single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed the presence and stability of cardiomyocytes within CCOs. Further validation showed CCOs’ involvement in critical processes like endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) and valvulogenesis. Ultrastructural and electrophysiological analysis revealed organized myofibrils and atrial-like action potentials. Importantly, CCOs proved effective in assessing cardiotoxicity through observable morphological changes, demonstrating specific cellular responses to established cardiotoxic compounds, thereby highlighting their potential for drug testing and safety evaluations. Our findings offer insights into cardiac chamber formation mechanisms and establish a robust platform for drug testing, disease modeling, and personalized medicine, representing a significant advancement in functional cardiac organoid development for both basic research and translational applications.

Protein posttranslational modification with distinct polyubiquitin linkage chains is a critical component of the 'ubiquitin code' that universally regulates protein expression and function to control biology. Functional consequences of diverse polyubiquitin linkages on proteins are mostly unknown, with progress hindered by a lack of methods to specifically tune polyubiquitin linkages on individual proteins in live cells. Here, we bridge this gap by exploiting deubiquitinases (DUBs) with preferences for hydrolyzing different polyubiquitin linkages: OTUD1 - K63; OTUD4 - K48; Cezanne - K11; TRABID - K29/K33; and USP21 - non-specific. We developed a suite of engineered deubiquitinases (enDUBs) comprised of DUB catalytic domains fused to a GFP-targeted nanobody and used them to investigate polyubiquitin linkage regulation of an ion channel, YFP-KCNQ1. Mass spectrometry of YFP-KCNQ1 expressed in HEK293 cells indicated channel polyubiquitination with K48 (72%) and K63 (24%) linkages being dominant. NEDD4-2 and ITCH both decreased KCNQ1 functional expression but with distinctive polyubiquitination signatures. All enDUBs reduced KCNQ1 ubiquitination but yielded unique effects on channel expression, surface density, ionic currents, and subcellular localization. The pattern of outcomes indicates K11, K29/K33, and K63 chains mediate net KCNQ1-YFP intracellular retention, but achieved in different ways: K11 promotes ER retention/degradation, enhances endocytosis, and reduces recycling; K29/K33 promotes ER retention/degradation; K63 enhances endocytosis and reduces recycling. The pattern of enDUB effects on KCNQ1-YFP differed in cardiomyocytes, emphasizing ubiquitin code mutability. Surprisingly, enDUB-O4 decreased KCNQ1-YFP surface density suggesting a role for K48 in forward trafficking. Lastly, linkage-selective enDUBs displayed varying capabilities to rescue distinct trafficking-deficient long QT syndrome type 1 mutations. The results reveal distinct polyubiquitin chains control different aspects of KCNQ1 functional expression, demonstrate ubiquitin code plasticity, and introduce linkage-selective enDUBs as a potent tool to help demystify the polyubiquitin code.Protein posttranslational modification with distinct polyubiquitin linkage chains is a critical component of the 'ubiquitin code' that universally regulates protein expression and function to control biology. Functional consequences of diverse polyubiquitin linkages on proteins are mostly unknown, with progress hindered by a lack of methods to specifically tune polyubiquitin linkages on individual proteins in live cells. Here, we bridge this gap by exploiting deubiquitinases (DUBs) with preferences for hydrolyzing different polyubiquitin linkages: OTUD1 - K63; OTUD4 - K48; Cezanne - K11; TRABID - K29/K33; and USP21 - non-specific. We developed a suite of engineered deubiquitinases (enDUBs) comprised of DUB catalytic domains fused to a GFP-targeted nanobody and used them to investigate polyubiquitin linkage regulation of an ion channel, YFP-KCNQ1. Mass spectrometry of YFP-KCNQ1 expressed in HEK293 cells indicated channel polyubiquitination with K48 (72%) and K63 (24%) linkages being dominant. NEDD4-2 and ITCH both decreased KCNQ1 functional expression but with distinctive polyubiquitination signatures. All enDUBs reduced KCNQ1 ubiquitination but yielded unique effects on channel expression, surface density, ionic currents, and subcellular localization. The pattern of outcomes indicates K11, K29/K33, and K63 chains mediate net KCNQ1-YFP intracellular retention, but achieved in different ways: K11 promotes ER retention/degradation, enhances endocytosis, and reduces recycling; K29/K33 promotes ER retention/degradation; K63 enhances endocytosis and reduces recycling. The pattern of enDUB effects on KCNQ1-YFP differed in cardiomyocytes, emphasizing ubiquitin code mutability. Surprisingly, enDUB-O4 decreased KCNQ1-YFP surface density suggesting a role for K48 in forward trafficking. Lastly, linkage-selective enDUBs displayed varying capabilities to rescue distinct trafficking-deficient long QT syndrome type 1 mutations. The results reveal distinct polyubiquitin chains control different aspects of KCNQ1 functional expression, demonstrate ubiquitin code plasticity, and introduce linkage-selective enDUBs as a potent tool to help demystify the polyubiquitin code.

Protein posttranslational modification with distinct polyubiquitin linkage chains is a critical component of the 'ubiquitin code' that universally regulates protein expression and function to control biology. Functional consequences of diverse polyubiquitin linkages on proteins are mostly unknown, with progress hindered by a lack of methods to specifically tune polyubiquitin linkages on individual proteins in live cells. Here, we bridge this gap by exploiting deubiquitinases (DUBs) with preferences for hydrolyzing different polyubiquitin linkages: OTUD1 - K63; OTUD4 - K48; Cezanne - K11; TRABID - K29/K33; and USP21 - non-specific. We developed a suite of engineered deubiquitinases (enDUBs) comprised of DUB catalytic domains fused to a GFP-targeted nanobody and used them to investigate polyubiquitin linkage regulation of an ion channel, YFP-KCNQ1. Mass spectrometry of YFP-KCNQ1 expressed in HEK293 cells indicated channel polyubiquitination with K48 (72%) and K63 (24%) linkages being dominant. NEDD4-2 and ITCH both decreased KCNQ1 functional expression but with distinctive polyubiquitination signatures. All enDUBs reduced KCNQ1 ubiquitination but yielded unique effects on channel expression, surface density, ionic currents, and subcellular localization. The pattern of outcomes indicates K11, K29/K33, and K63 chains mediate net KCNQ1-YFP intracellular retention, but achieved in different ways: K11 promotes ER retention/degradation, enhances endocytosis, and reduces recycling; K29/K33 promotes ER retention/degradation; K63 enhances endocytosis and reduces recycling. The pattern of enDUB effects on KCNQ1-YFP differed in cardiomyocytes, emphasizing ubiquitin code mutability. Surprisingly, enDUB-O4 decreased KCNQ1-YFP surface density suggesting a role for K48 in forward trafficking. Lastly, linkage-selective enDUBs displayed varying capabilities to rescue distinct trafficking-deficient long QT syndrome type 1 mutations. The results reveal distinct polyubiquitin chains control different aspects of KCNQ1 functional expression, demonstrate ubiquitin code plasticity, and introduce linkage-selective enDUBs as a potent tool to help demystify the polyubiquitin code.