Explore the vast range of titles available.

Stringent variant interpretation guidelines can lead to high rates of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) for genetically heterogeneous disease like long QT syndrome (LQTS) and Brugada syndrome (BrS). Quantitative and disease-specific customization of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) guidelines can address this false negative rate. We compared rare variant frequencies from 1847 LQTS (KCNQ1/KCNH2/SCN5A) and 3335 BrS (SCN5A) cases from the International LQTS/BrS Genetics Consortia to population-specific gnomAD data and developed disease-specific criteria for ACMG/AMP evidence classes—rarity (PM2/BS1 rules) and case enrichment of individual (PS4) and domain-specific (PM1) variants. Rare SCN5A variant prevalence differed between European (20.8%) and Japanese (8.9%) BrS patients (p = 5.7 × 10−18) and diagnosis with spontaneous (28.7%) versus induced (15.8%) Brugada type 1 electrocardiogram (ECG) (p = 1.3 × 10−13). Ion channel transmembrane regions and specific N-terminus (KCNH2) and C-terminus (KCNQ1/KCNH2) domains were characterized by high enrichment of case variants and >95% probability of pathogenicity. Applying the customized rules, 17.4% of European BrS and 74.8% of European LQTS cases had (likely) pathogenic variants, compared with estimated diagnostic yields (case excess over gnomAD) of 19.2%/82.1%, reducing VUS prevalence to close to background rare variant frequency. Large case–control data sets enable quantitative implementation of ACMG/AMP guidelines and increased sensitivity for inherited arrhythmia genetic testing.

In a patient with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia, we identified a heterozygous point mutation in the selectivity filter of the stretch‐activated K 2P potassium channel TREK‐1 ( KCNK2 or K 2P 2.1). This mutation introduces abnormal sodium permeability to TREK‐1. In addition, mutant channels exhibit a hypersensitivity to stretch‐activation, suggesting that the selectivity filter is directly involved in stretch‐induced activation and desensitization. Increased sodium permeability and stretch‐sensitivity of mutant TREK‐1 channels may trigger arrhythmias in areas of the heart with high physical strain such as the RVOT. We present a pharmacological strategy to rescue the selectivity defect of the TREK‐1 pore. Our findings provide important insights for future studies of K 2P channel stretch‐activation and the role of TREK‐1 in mechano‐electrical feedback in the heart. Synopsis A point mutation in the selectivity filter of the stretch‐activated K 2P potassium channel TREK‐1 was identified in a patient with right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. The mutation most likely causes arrhythmias through abnormal sodium permeability and hypersensitivity to stretch‐activation. Analysis of a patient with right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (RVOT‐VT) led to the identification of a heterozygous mutation, resulting in an Ile to Thr exchange directly preceding the selectivity filter of the K 2P potassium channel TREK‐1. The mutation introduces an abnormal sodium permeability and a hypersensitivity to stretch‐activation to TREK‐1 channels. The study suggests that the selectivity filter is directly involved in stretch‐induced activation and desensitization of stretch‐sensitive K 2P potassium channels. Increased sodium permeability and stretch‐sensitivity of mutant TREK‐1 channels may trigger arrhythmias in areas of the heart with high physical strain. The findings provide important insights for future studies of K 2P channel stretch‐activation and the role of TREK‐1 in mechano‐electrical feedback in the heart. Graphical Abstract A point mutation in the selectivity filter of the stretch‐activated K 2P potassium channel TREK‐1 was identified in a patient with right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. The mutation most likely causes arrhythmias through abnormal sodium permeability and hypersensitivity to stretch‐activation.

Analyzing a patient with progressive and severe cardiac conduction disorder combined with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF), we identified a splice site mutation in the sodium channel gene SCN5A . Due to the severe phenotype, we performed whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and identified an additional mutation in the KCNK17 gene encoding the K 2P potassium channel TASK‐4. The heterozygous change (c.262G>A) resulted in the p.Gly88Arg mutation in the first extracellular pore loop. Mutant TASK‐4 channels generated threefold increased currents, while surface expression was unchanged, indicating enhanced conductivity. When co‐expressed with wild‐type channels, the gain‐of‐function by G88R was conferred in a dominant‐active manner. We demonstrate that KCNK17 is strongly expressed in human Purkinje cells and that overexpression of G88R leads to a hyperpolarization and strong slowing of the upstroke velocity of spontaneously beating HL‐1 cells. Thus, we propose that a gain‐of‐function by TASK‐4 in the conduction system might aggravate slowed conductivity by the loss of sodium channel function. Moreover, WES supports a second hit‐hypothesis in severe arrhythmia cases and identified KCNK17 as a novel arrhythmia gene. Synopsis A novel exonic mutation in the K 2P potassium channel TASK‐4 is found in a patient with severe progressive cardiac conduction disorder (PCCD), resulting in a gain‐of‐function that could explain the severe progressive conduction disorder compared to isolated loss‐of‐function mutations in SCN5A channels. A splice site mutation in the sodium channel gene SCN5A was identified in a patient with progressive and severe cardiac conduction disorder combined with IVF. Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) revealed for the first time a heterozygous mutation in the KCNK17 gene encoding the two‐pore domain potassium (K 2P ) channel TASK‐4. The resulting amino acid exchange, G88R, in the first extracellular pore loop resulted in a dominant‐active increase of the current amplitude, while surface expression of the channel protein was unchanged. KCNK17 was found to be strongly expressed in human Purkinje cells, and overexpression of G88R led to a hyperpolarization and strong slowing of the upstroke velocity of the action potentials of spontaneously beating HL‐1 cells. A gain‐of‐function of TASK‐4 in the conduction system might aggravate slowed conductivity by the loss of sodium channel function, linking a TASK‐4 channel mutation to arrhythmogenesis for the first time. Graphical Abstract A novel exonic mutation in the K 2P potassium channel TASK‐4 is found in a patient with severe PCCD, resulting in a gain‐of‐function that could explain the severe progressive conduction disorder compared to isolated loss‐of‐function mutations in SCN5A channels.

Marked prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram associated with the polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Torsades de Pointes is a serious adverse event during treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs and other culprit medications, and is a common cause for drug relabeling and withdrawal. Although clinical risk factors have been identified, the syndrome remains unpredictable in an individual patient. Here we used genome-wide association analysis to search for common predisposing genetic variants. Cases of drug-induced Torsades de Pointes (diTdP), treatment tolerant controls, and general population controls were ascertained across multiple sites using common definitions, and genotyped on the Illumina 610k or 1M-Duo BeadChips. Principal Components Analysis was used to select 216 Northwestern European diTdP cases and 771 ancestry-matched controls, including treatment-tolerant and general population subjects. With these sample sizes, there is 80% power to detect a variant at genome-wide significance with minor allele frequency of 10% and conferring an odds ratio of ≥2.7. Tests of association were carried out for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by logistic regression adjusting for gender and population structure. No SNP reached genome wide-significance; the variant with the lowest P value was rs2276314, a non-synonymous coding variant in C18orf21 (p  =  3×10(-7), odds ratio = 2, 95% confidence intervals: 1.5-2.6). The haplotype formed by rs2276314 and a second SNP, rs767531, was significantly more frequent in controls than cases (p  =  3×10(-9)). Expanding the number of controls and a gene-based analysis did not yield significant associations. This study argues that common genomic variants do not contribute importantly to risk for drug-induced Torsades de Pointes across multiple drugs.

Transmission distortion of disease-causing alleles in long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been reported, suggesting a potential role of KCNQ1 and KCNH2 in reproduction. This study sought to investigate parental transmission in LQTS families according to ethnicity, gene loci (LQT1-3: KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A) or severity of channel dysfunction. We studied 3782 genotyped members from 679 European and Japanese LQTS families (2748 carriers). We determined grandparental and parental origins of variant alleles in 1903 children and 624 grandchildren, and the grandparental origin of normal alleles in healthy children from 44 three-generation control families. LQTS alleles were more of maternal than paternal origin (61 vs 39%, P<0.001). The ratio of maternally transmitted alleles in LQT1 (66%) was higher than in LQT2 (56%, P<0.001) and LQT3 (57%, P=0.03). Unlike the Mendelian distribution of grandparental alleles seen in control families, variant grandparental LQT1 and LQT2 alleles in grandchildren showed an excess of maternally transmitted grandmother alleles. For LQT1, maternal transmission differs according to the variant level of dysfunction with 68% of maternal transmission for dominant negative or unknown functional consequence variants vs 58% for non-dominant negative and variants leading to haploinsufficiency, P<0.01; however, for LQT2 or LQT3 this association was not significant. An excess of disease-causing alleles of maternal origin, most pronounced in LQT1, was consistently found across ethnic groups. This observation does not seem to be linked to an imbalance in transmission of the LQTS subtype-specific grandparental allele, but to the potential degree of potassium channel dysfunction.

We investigated whether multichannel ECG-recordings are useful to risk-stratify patients with congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) for risk of sudden cardiac death under optimized medical treatment. In 34 LQTS-patients (11 male; age 31±13 years, QTc 478±51ms; LQT1 n = 8, LQT2 n = 15) we performed a standard 12-channel ECG and a 120-channel body surface potential mapping. The occurrence of clinical events (CE; syncope, torsade de pointes (TdP), sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)) was documented and correlated with different ECG-parameters in all lead positions. Seven patients developed TdP, four survived SCA and 12 experienced syncope. 12/34 had at least one CE. CE was associated with a longer QTc-interval (519±43ms vs. 458±42ms; p = 0.001), a lower T-wave integral (TWI) on the left upper chest (-1.2±74.4mV*ms vs. 63.0±29.7mV*ms; p = 0.001), a lower range of T-wave amplitude (TWA) in the region of chest lead V8 (0.10±0.08mV vs. 0.18±0.07mV; p = 0.008) and a longer T-peak-T-end time (TpTe) in lead V1 (98±23ms vs. 78±26ms; p = 0.04). Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 75% (area under curve (AUC) 0.89±0.06, p = 0.001) at a cut-off value of 26.8mV*ms for prediction of CE by TWI, a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 83% at a cut-off value of 0.11mV (AUC 0.83±0.09, p = 0.002) for prediction of CE by TWA and a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 73% at a cut-off value of 87ms (AUC 0.80±0.07, p = 0.005) for prediction of CE by TpTe. Occurrence of CE in LQTS-patients seems to be associated with a prolonged, low-amplitude T-wave.

The SCN5A gene encodes for the α-subunit of the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, which is responsible for the rapid upstroke of the cardiac action potential. Mutations in this gene may lead to multiple life-threatening disorders of cardiac rhythm or are linked to structural cardiac defects. Here, we characterized a large family with a mutation in SCN5A presenting with an atrioventricular conduction disease and absence of Brugada syndrome. In a large family with a high incidence of sudden cardiac deaths, a heterozygous SCN5A mutation (p.1493delK) with an autosomal dominant inheritance has been identified. Mutation carriers were devoid of any cardiac structural changes. Typical ECG findings were an increased P-wave duration, an AV-block I° and a prolonged QRS duration with an intraventricular conduction delay and no signs for Brugada syndrome. HEK293 cells transfected with 1493delK showed strongly (5-fold) reduced Na(+) currents with altered inactivation kinetics compared to wild-type channels. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated strongly decreased expression of SCN5A 1493delK in the sarcolemma consistent with an intracellular trafficking defect and thereby a loss-of-function. In addition, SCN5A 1493delK channels that reached cell membrane showed gain-of-function aspects (slowing of the fast inactivation, reduction in the relative fraction of channels that fast inactivate, hastening of the recovery from inactivation). In a large family, congregation of a heterozygous SCN5A gene mutation (p.1493delK) predisposes for conduction slowing without evidence for Brugada syndrome due to a predominantly trafficking defect that reduces Na(+) current and depolarization force.

Connie Bezzina, Richard Redon and colleagues show that common variants at SCN5A - SCN10A and HEY2 are associated with Brugada syndrome, a rare disorder with high risk of sudden cardiac death. The newly discovered loci have a large cumulative effect on disease risk and illustrate how common variants can have a strong impact on predisposition to rare diseases. Brugada syndrome is a rare cardiac arrhythmia disorder, causally related to SCN5A mutations in around 20% of cases 1 , 2 , 3 . Through a genome-wide association study of 312 individuals with Brugada syndrome and 1,115 controls, we detected 2 significant association signals at the SCN10A locus (rs10428132) and near the HEY2 gene (rs9388451). Independent replication confirmed both signals (meta-analyses: rs10428132, P = 1.0 × 10 −68 ; rs9388451, P = 5.1 × 10 −17 ) and identified one additional signal in SCN5A (at 3p21; rs11708996, P = 1.0 × 10 −14 ). The cumulative effect of the three loci on disease susceptibility was unexpectedly large ( P trend = 6.1 × 10 −81 ). The association signals at SCN5A - SCN10A demonstrate that genetic polymorphisms modulating cardiac conduction 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 can also influence susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia. The implication of association with HEY2 , supported by new evidence that Hey2 regulates cardiac electrical activity, shows that Brugada syndrome may originate from altered transcriptional programming during cardiac development 8 . Altogether, our findings indicate that common genetic variation can have a strong impact on the predisposition to rare diseases.

Background The totally subcutaneous implantable defibrillator (S-ICD) was introduced as a new alternative to conventional implantable defibrillators and is employed worldwide. This system is especially attractive for young patients. However, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), T-wave oversensing may occur. To address the question whether the S-ICD system is suitable for HCM patients, the data of a standard of care prospective single-center S-ICD registry were evaluated. Methods and results In the present study, 18 HCM patients who received an S-ICD for primary ( n  = 14) or secondary prevention ( n  = 4) and a minimal follow-up duration of 6 months were analyzed. The mean follow-up duration was 31.7 ± 15.4 months. Ventricular arrhythmias were adequately detected in 4 patients (22 %). In 7 patients (39 %), T-wave oversensing was noticed and led to at least one inappropriate shock in 4 patients (22 %). Further adverse events included surgical revision due to a mobile sensing electrode and resulting noise detection as well as one case of early battery failure requiring pulse generator change. Conclusion Patients with HCM and S-ICD systems have an increased risk of T-wave oversensing and inappropriate shock delivery. Thorough monitoring as well as exercise tests may help to improve device settings and thereby prevent T-wave oversensing.

ObjectiveWe investigated the impact of cardiac presynaptic norepinephrine recycling in patients with long-QT syndrome (LQTS) using positron emission tomography (PET) with 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine ([11C]mHED-PET).Methods[11C]mHED-PET was performed in 25 patients with LQTS (LQT1: n=14; LQT2: n=11) and 20 healthy controls and correlated with clinical parameters. [11C]mHED-PET images were analysed for global and regional retention indices (RI) and washout rates (WO) reflecting dynamic parameters of the tracer activity.ResultsGlobal and regional RI values were similar between patients with LQTS and controls. Although the global WO rates were similar between these groups, regional WO rates were on average higher in the lateral left ventricle (LV) wall in patients with LQTS (dose, mean ±SD; 0.08±0.14 vs 0.00%±0.09% min–1; p=0.033). In addition, patients with LQTS with a longer QTc interval showed a higher global WO rate. Clinical symptoms correlated with higher global WO rates. In the presence of normal global WO rates, asymptomatic LQTS patients showed higher global RI values.ConclusionThe increased regional WO rate of [11C]mHED in the lateral LV suggests an imbalance of presynaptic catecholamine reuptake and release, resulting in a higher synaptic catecholamine concentration, in particular in LQT1 patients. This might enhance β-adrenoceptor signalling and thereby aggravate inherited ion channel dysfunction and may facilitate occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Detection of regional differences in LV sympathetic nervous function may modify disease expression and potentially serve as a non-invasive risk marker in congenital LQTS.Trial registration number2006-002767-41;Results.