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Background/aimsHuman grading of digital images from diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening programmes represents a significant challenge, due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes. We evaluate the performance of an automated artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm to triage retinal images from the English Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP) into test-positive/technical failure versus test-negative, using human grading following a standard national protocol as the reference standard.MethodsRetinal images from 30 405 consecutive screening episodes from three English DESPs were manually graded following a standard national protocol and by an automated process with machine learning enabled software, EyeArt v2.1. Screening performance (sensitivity, specificity) and diagnostic accuracy (95% CIs) were determined using human grades as the reference standard.ResultsSensitivity (95% CIs) of EyeArt was 95.7% (94.8% to 96.5%) for referable retinopathy (human graded ungradable, referable maculopathy, moderate-to-severe non-proliferative or proliferative). This comprises sensitivities of 98.3% (97.3% to 98.9%) for mild-to-moderate non-proliferative retinopathy with referable maculopathy, 100% (98.7%,100%) for moderate-to-severe non-proliferative retinopathy and 100% (97.9%,100%) for proliferative disease. EyeArt agreed with the human grade of no retinopathy (specificity) in 68% (67% to 69%), with a specificity of 54.0% (53.4% to 54.5%) when combined with non-referable retinopathy.ConclusionThe algorithm demonstrated safe levels of sensitivity for high-risk retinopathy in a real-world screening service, with specificity that could halve the workload for human graders. AI machine learning and deep learning algorithms such as this can provide clinically equivalent, rapid detection of retinopathy, particularly in settings where a trained workforce is unavailable or where large-scale and rapid results are needed.

Aims/hypothesis This study evaluated whether repeated non-attendance for diabetic eye screening is associated with the risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR). Methods This was a cohort study of 6,556 residents with diabetes who were invited for screening between 2008 and 2011 in a population-based eye screening programme in inner London and who attended for their first-ever screen in 2008. The proportion of participants with STDR was evaluated in relation to the number of years in which screening was missed. Results The proportion of participants who did not attend screening decreased between 2009 and 2011 (annual reduction 1.6% [95% CI 0.9%, 2.3%]). The adjusted relative odds of STDR for 210 participants who did not attend two consecutive years of screening were 3.76 (95% CI 2.14, 6.61; p  < 0.001), compared with participants who were screened annually. In 605 participants with mild non-proliferative retinopathy at the first screen, the adjusted relative odds of developing proliferative or moderate to severe non-proliferative retinopathy were 5.72 (95% CI 7.43, 22.83; p  = 0.013) for 53 participants who missed two screens. Conclusions/interpretation Patients who do not attend diabetic eye screening are at increased risk of developing STDR. Tracing of non-attenders with evidence of established retinopathy should be an important fail-safe procedure.

RésuméDans cet article, nous abordons, au travers d’une lecture structuraliste puis plus narrative, la place des thérapeutes familiaux au sein d’une institution psychiatrique lors de la prise en charge de patients souffrant de troubles graves et plus particulièrement de schizophrénie. Nous y décrirons l’isomorphisme entre des relations familiales et intra-institutionnelles et les questions que soulève l’utilisation du paradoxe par une équipe de systémiciens dans un service de psychiatrie adulte public. Introduce a systemic work within a psychiatric department : a paradox?In this article, we approach, through a more narrative then structuralist reading, the place of the family therapists within a psychiatric institution during patients’ care suffering from serious disorders and more particularly from schizophrenia. We shall describe the isomorphism between family relations and institutional relations, and the questions there which raise the use of the paradox by a team of systemic therapists in a public adult’s psychiatric department