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Multi-feature-based maritime radar target detection algorithms often rely on statistical models to accurately characterize sea clutter variations. However, it is a big challenge for these models to accurately characterize sea clutter due to the complexity of the marine environment. Moreover, the distribution of training samples captured from dynamic observation conditions is imbalanced. These multi-features extracted from inaccurate models and imbalanced data lead to overfitting or underfitting and degrade detection performance. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a mechanism–data collaborative method using the scattering coefficient as a representative feature. By establishing a mapping relationship between measured data and empirical values, the classical model is piecewise fitted to the measured data. A fusion strategy is then used to compensate for interval discontinuities, enabling accurate characterization of clutter properties in the current maritime environment. Based on the characterized clutter properties, a hybrid feature selection strategy is further proposed to construct a diverse and compact training sample set by integrating global density distribution with local gradient variation. The experiments based on field data are included to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method including sea clutter characterization accuracy and training sample selection across various scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a more accurate representation of sea clutter characteristics. Moreover, the detectors trained with the proposed training samples exhibit strong generalization capability across diverse maritime environments under the condition of identical features and classifiers. These achievements highlight the importance of accurate sea clutter modeling and optimal training sample selection in improving target detection performance and ensuring the reliability of radar-based maritime surveillance.

The Ivy Optimization Algorithm (IVY) is a novel swarm intelligence optimization algorithm that simulates the phototropic growth mechanism of plants. To comprehensively improve the overall optimization performance, this paper proposes an enhanced Ivy Optimization Algorithm (LSIVY) integrating improved Logistics chaotic mapping, sine–cosine operator, and adaptive t-distribution mutation strategy. Firstly, an improved cascaded Logistics chaotic mapping is used for population initialization. The double arcsine transformation improves the ergodicity and uniformity of chaotic sequences, so that initial solutions are distributed more evenly in the search space, population diversity is enhanced, and premature convergence is suppressed. Secondly, the sine–cosine operator is embedded into the position update mechanisms of IVY growth, climbing, and propagation evolution. Nonlinearly decreasing control parameters realize adaptive switching between global exploration and local exploitation and accelerate convergence. Thirdly, an adaptive t-distribution mutation strategy is designed to dynamically adjust mutation intensity according to the iteration cycle and implement directional perturbation at the optimal solution position. It combines the large-scale exploration advantage of the Cauchy distribution and the local fine search merit of the Gaussian distribution, which significantly improves the ability to escape from local optima. Comparative experiments with eight mainstream metaheuristics (DE, WOA, GWO, HHO, DBO, MBWO, AOO, native IVY) are conducted with 30 independent runs on 30-dimensional CEC 2014 (30 test functions) and CEC 2020 (10 composite functions). Quantitatively, LSIVY achieves 20~30 orders of magnitude higher optimization accuracy than standard IVY on unimodal functions, and its average standard deviation across all benchmarks drops by 4–6 orders of magnitude. LSIVY ranks first on all CEC 2020 composite functions, reducing over 30% of iterations compared with native IVY. Three classical constrained mechanical design problems (three-bar truss, cantilever beam, pressure vessel) are adopted for engineering verification. In the pressure vessel case, the average manufacturing cost of LSIVY is reduced by 9.2% against standard IVY, and the standard deviation of three engineering cases decreases by 2–3 orders on average, demonstrating remarkable robustness. The proposed algorithm not only improves the theoretical system of plant-inspired swarm intelligence algorithms but also has great application prospects in mechanical structure lightweight design, industrial equipment cost optimization, and other practical engineering fields.

In order to solve the problems of low thermal conductivity and local heat accumulation of phase change materials (PCM) in battery heat dissipation applications, in this study, expanded graphite (EG) and olefin block copolymers (OBCs) were compounded by melt blending method using paraffin (PA) as the matrix, and flexible shaped composite phase change materials (FSPCM) with shape stability and high thermal conductivity were successfully prepared. The effects of EG doping on the latent heat properties and heat dissipation properties of PA/OBCs matrix materials were mainly explored. The results show that EG significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the material, but its enhancement effect changes nonlinearly with the increase of content, and the comprehensive performance of the composite is the best when the EG content is 2.5%. In addition, the introduction of copper foam can improve the temperature homogeneity of phase change materials, reducing the temperature difference between the upper and lower surfaces by 27.5%.

Background Blood pressure (BP) management after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains challenging, and evidence on how BP levels relate to prognosis is inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate associations between pre-/post-treatment BP levels and clinical outcomes after IVT. Methods We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with PRISMA. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to January 8, 2026, restricted to English-language published clinical studies. Adults with AIS treated with intravenous alteplase were eligible. Pre-treatment BP was defined as the measurement closest to IVT initiation; post-treatment BP preferentially referred to the mean BP within 2–4 h after completion of alteplase infusion (or 24–72 h when unavailable). Outcomes included 3-month functional outcome (favorable modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2 vs. unfavorable mRS 3–6), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH; study-specific definitions), and 3-month mortality. Mean differences (MDs) and odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models based on heterogeneity. Results Thirty-four studies were included. For functional outcome, 5,582 patients had favorable outcome and 5,179 had unfavorable outcome; the weighted mean pre-treatment SBP was 150.0 vs. 151.5 mmHg, respectively, and the pooled MD indicated lower pre-treatment SBP in the favorable group (MD = − 5.58 mmHg, 95% CI − 9.04 to − 2.12; I²=79%). For post-treatment SBP, 4,963 vs. 4,467 patients were included; the weighted mean SBP was 144.9 vs. 149.0 mmHg, and the pooled MD was − 4.09 mmHg (95% CI − 4.98 to − 3.20; I²=0%). For sICH, 279/12,362 (2.26%) patients developed sICH; the weighted mean pre-treatment SBP was 151.6 vs. 157.9 mmHg (no sICH vs. sICH), and the pooled MD was − 5.89 mmHg (95% CI − 8.26 to − 3.51; I²=0%). For post-treatment SBP, 182/10,541 (1.73%) patients developed sICH; the weighted mean SBP was 147.2 vs. 159.7 mmHg, and the pooled MD was − 11.71 mmHg (95% CI − 15.05 to − 8.37; I²=45%). Evidence for mortality and BP variability was limited. Conclusions Higher SBP before and after IVT was associated with poorer 3-month functional outcome and with sICH. Further prospective studies with standardized BP ascertainment and outcome definitions are needed.

Background Deoxyribonuclease 1 Like 3 (DNASE1L3) is a member of the deoxyribonuclease I family that is associated with some diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis. Recently, abnormal DNASE1L3 was preliminarily shown to correlate with tumor pathogenesis. However, its role is still undetermined in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Multiple sets of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) high-throughput data were utilized to screen the differentially expressed genes. Signal pathway enrichment analysis analyzed the correlation between DNASE1L3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cytoskeleton reorganization. An immunohistochemistry assay for analysis of DNASE1L3 expression was used to detect the clinical samples. Woundhealing, migration, invasion assays, and mouse model of lung metastasis were used to assess the role of DNASE1L3 in NPC metastasis. The mechanism of DNASE1L3 inhibition of NPC metastasis by attenuating MYH9/β-catenin/c-Jun/LncRNA-KDM4A-induced E-cadherin ubiquitination degradation was demonstrated by protein stability evaluation, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, chromatin immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation. Results DNASE1L3 downregulation in patients with NPC was not only negatively related to lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis but was also positively associated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of DNASE1L3 in NPC cells suppresses migration, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Inversely, DNASE1L3 knockdown increased cell migration and invasion abilities. Mechanistically, DNASE1L3 recruited PARK2 to ubiquitinate and degrade MYH9 protein. MYH9 protein activated β-catenin/c-Jun signal and augmented c-Jun-induced LncRNA-KDM4A transcription. In the process of DNASE1L3-induced metastatic suppression, decreased LncRNA-KDM4A attenuated the recruitment of E3 ubiquitin ligase Hakai and thus impeded the degradation of E-cadherin, by which heightened E-cadherin protein stability and finally inactivated the EMT signal. Conclusions Our data firstly elucidated that DNASE1L3 acts as a metastatic suppressor by attenuating E-cadherin ubiquitination degradation via the MYH9/β-catenin/c-Jun/LncRNA-KDM4A axis in NPC. DNASE1L3 is a potential marker for predicting NPC prognosis.

Background: Overexpression of the membrane protein SEC61 translocon gamma subunit (SEC61G) has been observed in a variety of cancers; however, its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between SEC61G and HNSCC based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Methods: Data for HNSCC patients were collected from TCGA and the expression level of SEC61G was compared between paired HNSCC and normal tissues using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The relationship between clinicopathologic features and SEC61G expression was also analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the value of SEC61G as a binary classifier using the area under the curve (AUC value). The association of clinicopathologic characteristics with prognosis in HNSCC patients was assessed using Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier methods. A nomogram, based on Cox multivariate analysis, was used to predict the impact of SEC61G on prognosis. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to determine the hallmark pathways associated with differentially expressed genes in HNSCC patients exhibiting high and low SEC61G expression. Results: The expression of SEC61G was significantly elevated in HNSCC tissues compared to normal tissues (P < 0.001). The high expression of SEC61G was significantly correlated with the T stage, M stage, clinical stage, TP53 mutation status, PIK3CA mutation status, primary therapy outcome, and cervical lymph node dissection (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, ROC curves suggested the significant diagnostic ability of SEC61G for HNSCC (AUC = 0.923). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with HNSCC characterized by high SEC61G expression had a poorer prognosis than patients with low SEC61G expression (hazard ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.48-2.56, P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that SEC61G was independently associated with overall survival (P = 0.027). Functional annotations indicated that SEC61G is involved in pathways related to translation and regulation of SLITs/ROBOs expression, SRP-dependent co-translational protein targeting to the membrane, nonsense-mediated decay, oxidative phosphorylation, and Parkinson's disease. Conclusion: SEC61G plays a vital role in HNSCC progression and prognosis; it may, therefore, serve as an effective biomarker for the prediction of patient survival.

This paper reports the demonstration of high-speed PAM-4 transmission using a 1.5-m single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser (SM-VCSEL) over multicore fiber with 7 cores over different distances. We have successfully generated up to 70 Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signals with a VCSEL in optical back-to-back, and transmitted 50 Gbaud PAM-4 signals over both 1-km dispersion-uncompensated and 10-km dispersion-compensated in each core, enabling a total data throughput of 700 Gbps over the 7-core fiber. Moreover, 56 Gbaud PAM-4 over 1-km has also been shown, whereby unfortunately not all cores provide the required 3.8 \\(\\) 10 \\(^-3\\) bit error rate (BER) for the 7% overhead-hard decision forward error correction (7% OH HDFEC). The limited bandwidth of the VCSEL and the adverse chromatic dispersion of the fiber are suppressed with pre-equalization based on accurate end-to-end channel characterizations. With a digital post-equalization, BER performance below the 7% OH-HDFEC limit is achieved over all cores. The demonstrated results show a great potential to realize high-capacity and compact short-reach optical interconnects for data centers.