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محادثات حول علمين جديدين : الميكانيكا والحركة المكانية
هذا هو آخر ما ألف العالم والفيلسوف الإيطالي الأشهر \"جاليليو جاليليه\" أنه إذن خلاصة عبقريته وعطائه العلمي الذي لا تقارن به حتى اليوم سوى برنسيبيا إسحاق نيوتن ونسبية ألبرت أينشتين. وهو فاتحة النهضة الكبرى لعلم الفيزياء التي ساهمت في تشكيل فكر وحياة الإنسان المعاصر، ويشار إليه في أمهات كتب تاريخ العلم وفلسفته باسم كتاب \"المحادثات\" ولم يبزه على مر التاريخ سوى كتاب \"الحوار\" الذي ألفه جاليليو جاليليه وخرج به ليدحض النظريات الكونية القديمة ويقر من خلاله النظام الكوني الذي نعرفه اليوم فكان مدعاة لمثوله أمام محكمة التفتيش التي قررت سجنه بعد استنكاره الشهير ومن ثم مكنته من صياغة الكتاب الذي أمامنا الذي صدرت نسخته الأولى في لايدين عام 1638 وقد صدرت النسخة العربية للحوار لنفس المترجم بسلسلة الألف كتاب الجديدة رقم 96 و 97 و 98 لسنة 1991 ومما لا شك فيه أن عبقرية \"الحوار والمحادثات\" لم يكن لها أن تتجلى دون معرفة صاحبهما بما توصل إليه فرسان الحضارة الإسلامية الرشيدة في قرطبة وغرناطة وأشبيلية قبله ببضع قرون.
BOOK
Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison
The risk of recurrent stroke is up to 10% in the week after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke. Modelling studies suggest that urgent use of existing preventive treatments could reduce the risk by 80–90%, but in the absence of evidence many health-care systems make little provision. Our aim was to determine the effect of more rapid treatment after TIA and minor stroke in patients who are not admitted direct to hospital.
We did a prospective before (phase 1: April 1, 2002, to Sept 30, 2004) versus after (phase 2: Oct 1, 2004, to March 31, 2007) study of the effect on process of care and outcome of more urgent assessment and immediate treatment in clinic, rather than subsequent initiation in primary care, in all patients with TIA or minor stroke not admitted direct to hospital. The study was nested within a rigorous population-based incidence study of all TIA and stroke (Oxford Vascular Study; OXVASC), such that case ascertainment, investigation, and follow-up were complete and identical in both periods. The primary outcome was the risk of stroke within 90 days of first seeking medical attention, with independent blinded (to study period) audit of all events.
Of the 1278 patients in OXVASC who presented with TIA or stroke (634 in phase 1 and 644 in phase 2), 607 were referred or presented direct to hospital, 620 were referred for outpatient assessment, and 51 were not referred to secondary care. 95% (n=591) of all outpatient referrals were to the study clinic. Baseline characteristics and delays in seeking medical attention were similar in both periods, but median delay to assessment in the study clinic fell from 3 (IQR 2–5) days in phase 1 to less than 1 (0–3) day in phase 2 (p<0·0001), and median delay to first prescription of treatment fell from 20 (8–53) days to 1 (0–3) day (p<0·0001). The 90-day risk of recurrent stroke in the patients referred to the study clinic was 10·3% (32/310 patients) in phase 1 and 2·1% (6/281 patients) in phase 2 (adjusted hazard ratio 0·20, 95% CI 0·08–0·49; p=0·0001); there was no significant change in risk in patients treated elsewhere. The reduction in risk was independent of age and sex, and early treatment did not increase the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage or other bleeding.
Early initiation of existing treatments after TIA or minor stroke was associated with an 80% reduction in the risk of early recurrent stroke. Further follow-up is required to determine long-term outcome, but these results have immediate implications for service provision and public education about TIA and minor stroke.
Journal Article
Soil temperature effects on the structure and diversity of plant and invertebrate communities in a natural warming experiment
1. Global warming is predicted to significantly alter species physiology, biotic interactions and thus ecosystem functioning, as a consequence of coexisting species exhibiting a wide range of thermal sensitivities. There is, however, a dearth of research examining warming impacts on natural communities. 2. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland to investigate the changes in above-ground terrestrial plant and invertebrate communities along a soil temperature gradient (10°C-30°C). 3. The α-diversity of plants and invertebrates decreased with increasing soil temperature, driven by decreasing plant species richness and increasing dominance of certain invertebrate species in warmer habitats. There was also greater species turnover in both plant and invertebrate communities with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites. There was no effect of temperature on percentage cover of vegetation at the community level, driven by contrasting effects at the population level. 4. There was a reduction in the mean body mass and an increase in the total abundance of the invertebrate community, resulting in no overall change in community biomass. There were contrasting effects of temperature on the population abundance of various invertebrate species, which could be explained by differential thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements, or may have been mediated by changes in plant community composition. 5. Our study provides an important baseline from which the effect of changing environmental conditions on terrestrial communities can be tracked. It also contributes to our understanding of why community-level studies of warming impacts are imperative if we are to disentangle the contrasting thermal responses of individual populations.
Journal Article
Assessing the impact of voluntary certification schemes on future sustainable coffee production
Coffee production faces major sustainability issues and consumers increasingly look to choose certified coffee as awareness grows. While consumers’ understanding of sustainability issues is limited, independent voluntary certification schemes such as Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance, and certified organic—three high-profile schemes—can play a role in future-proofing coffee production through standard-setting. These schemes can also inform consumers about sustainability issues from economic, environmental, and social perspectives, thus driving up demand for sustainably grown coffee, and supporting an enabling environment for farmers and coffee-producing countries to improve the status quo. Sustainably grown coffee ensures that farmers sustain production while protecting the environment and the income that farmers rely on to maintain their livelihood. Based on a thematic analysis and synthesis of previous studies, this paper examines the social, economic, and environmental effects of voluntary certification schemes for coffee production. It evaluates the current state of coffee production and explores how certification schemes can be effective in encouraging more sustainable practices among producers. Three major voluntary certification schemes are evaluated to identify the impacts on producers, including key barriers and enablers to comply with sustainability standards and to determine how fit-for-purpose certification schemes are in assuring future sustainable coffee production.
Journal Article
Turning a Crisis Into an Opportunity: Promoting Professional Development Among Perioperative Personnel During a Pandemic
The perioperative setting is a complex, high‐risk working environment. Ensuring adequate staffing with highly competent nurses remains a top priority to sustain safe patient care. However, there are barriers to individual professional advancement in hospitals, including costs and lack of support or time, which can lead to decreased nurse satisfaction. After the mandated cancellation of elective surgery in March 2020 resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, leaders at a medical center decided to turn this difficult situation into an opportunity to re‐engage their perioperative personnel in professional development. More than 70 staff members participated in activities related to certification, continuing education, clinical advancement, and cross‐training. Elective surgery has since resumed, and as a result of the pursuit of professional development opportunities, staff member turnover did not increase throughout the transition at the medical center. Interest in professional growth has been reignited and staff members are excited about future development opportunities.
Journal Article
Long-term Persistence of Zoster Vaccine Efficacy
Background. The Shingles Prevention Study (SPS) demonstrated zoster vaccine efficacy through 4 years postvaccination. A Short-Term Persistence Substudy (STPS) demonstrated persistence of vaccine efficacy for at least 5 years. A Long-Term Persistence Substudy (LTPS) was undertaken to further assess vaccine efficacy in SPS vaccine recipients followed for up to 11 years postvaccination. Study outcomes were assessed for the entire LTPS period and for each year from 7 to 11 years postvaccination. Methods. Surveillance, case determination, and follow-up were comparable to those in SPS and STPS. Because SPS placebo recipients were offered zoster vaccine before the LTPS began, there were no unvaccinated controls. Instead, SPS and STPS placebo results were used to model reference placebo groups. Results. The LTPS enrolled 6867 SPS vaccine recipients. Compared to SPS, estimated vaccine efficacy in LTPS decreased from 61.1% to 37.3% for the herpes zoster (HZ) burden of illness (BOI), from 66.5% to 35.4% for incidence of postherpetic neuralgia, and from 51.3% to 21.1% for incidence of HZ, and declined for all 3 outcome measures from 7 through 11 years postvaccination. Vaccine efficacy for the HZ BOI was significantly greater than zero through year 10 postvaccination, whereas vaccine efficacy for incidence of HZ was significantly greater than zero only through year 8. Conclusions. Estimates of vaccine efficacy decreased over time in the LTPS population compared with modeled control estimates. Statistically significant vaccine efficacy for HZ BOI persisted into year 10 postvaccination, whereas statistically significant vaccine efficacy for incidence of HZ persisted only through year 8.
Journal Article
A systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction
Exposure to extreme temperatures can negatively affect animal reproduction, by disrupting the ability of individuals to produce any offspring (fertility), or the number of offspring produced by fertile individuals (fecundity). This has important ecological consequences, because reproduction is the ultimate measure of population fitness: a reduction in reproductive output lowers the population growth rate and increases the extinction risk. Despite this importance, there have been no large‐scale summaries of the evidence for effect of temperature on reproduction. We provide a systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction. We systematically searched for published studies that statistically test for a direct link between temperature and animal reproduction, in terms of fertility, fecundity or indirect measures of reproductive potential (gamete and gonad traits). Overall, we collated a large and rich evidence base, with 1654 papers that met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 1191 species. The map revealed several important research gaps. Insects made up almost half of the dataset, but reptiles and amphibians were uncommon, as were non‐arthropod invertebrates. Fecundity was the most common reproductive trait examined, and relatively few studies measured fertility. It was uncommon for experimental studies to test exposure of different life stages, exposure to short‐term heat or cold shock, exposure to temperature fluctuations, or to independently assess male and female effects. Studies were most often published in journals focusing on entomology and pest control, ecology and evolution, aquaculture and fisheries science, and marine biology. Finally, while individuals were sampled from every continent, there was a strong sampling bias towards mid‐latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, such that the tropics and polar regions are less well sampled. This map reveals a rich literature of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction, but also uncovers substantial missing treatment of taxa, traits, and thermal regimes. This database will provide a valuable resource for future quantitative meta‐analyses, and direct future studies aiming to fill identified gaps. We summarise 1600+ papers testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction, and identify major taxonomic, geographic and methodological research gaps. This database will provide a valuable resource for future analyses, and direct future studies aiming to fill research gaps.
Journal Article
Scaling leaf respiration with nitrogen and phosphorus in tropical forests across two continents
Leaf dark respiration (R-dark) represents an important component controlling the carbon balance in tropical forests. Here, we test how nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) affect R-dark and its relationship with photosynthesis using three widely separated tropical forests which differ in soil fertility.R-dark was measured on 431 rainforest canopy trees, from 182 species, in French Guiana, Peru and Australia. The variation in R-dark was examined in relation to leaf N and P content, leaf structure and maximum photosynthetic rates at ambient and saturating atmospheric CO2 concentration.We found that the site with the lowest fertility (French Guiana) exhibited greater rates of R-dark per unit leaf N, P and photosynthesis. The data from Australia, for which there were no phylogenetic overlaps with the samples from the South American sites, yielded the most distinct relationships of R-dark with the measured leaf traits.Our data indicate that no single universal scaling relationship accounts for variation in R-dark across this large biogeographical space. Variability between sites in the absolute rates of R-dark and the R-dark : photosynthesis ratio were driven by variations in N- and P-use efficiency, which were related to both taxonomic and environmental variability.
Journal Article
Trastuzumab plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Operable HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
A combined analysis of two large studies found that the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide plus paclitaxel improved the outcome among women with operable HER2-positive breast cancer.
An analysis of two large studies found that the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide plus paclitaxel improved the outcome among women with operable HER2-positive breast cancer.
Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein, was approved in 1998 as a first-line treatment in combination with paclitaxel for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
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The benefit of this approach in patients with metastatic disease and the poor prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer
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,
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motivated the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to sponsor two trials of adjuvant treatment with trastuzumab, led by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) and the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG).
NSABP trial B-31, which began accrual in February 2000, compares four cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by . . .
Journal Article
Seasonal patterns of benthic–pelagic coupling in oyster habitats
Oysters enhance benthic–pelagic coupling in coastal systems by moving large quantities of suspended particulates to the sediments, stimulating biogeochemical processes. Recent research efforts have focused on quantifying the impact of oysters on coastal biogeochemical cycling, yet there is little consensus on how oysters influence processes across systems. A potential driver of this variance is availability of organic material suspended in the water column and subsequent loading to sediment by oysters. Here, we measured fluxes of sediment di-nitrogen (N₂-N), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), combined nitrate-nitrite (NOₓ), and phosphate (PO₄ 3−) in spring, summer, and fall at 2 oyster reefs and 1 farm in a temperate estuary (Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island). We then linked these fluxes with patterns of water column primary production. Nitrogen removal from the system was highest in spring, when we detected net sediment denitrification (48.8 μmol N₂-N m−2 h−1) following a winter–spring diatom bloom. In contrast, we measured sediment N₂ fixation in fall (−44.8 μmol N₂-N m−2 h−1) at rates nearly equivalent to spring denitrification. In the summer, we measured a nearly net zero sediment N₂-N flux (−2.7 μmol N₂-N m−2 h−1). Recycling of nitrogen to the water column was consistent across seasons, composed almost exclusively of NH₄ ⁺. These results demonstrate that sediment nitrogen cycling in oyster habitats is dynamic and can change rapidly based on seasonal patterns of productivity. At carrying capacity, the impact of oysters on nitrogen cycling is large and should be considered during efforts to increase oyster populations through aquaculture or reef restoration.
Journal Article