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The extent to which households can self-insure and the government can help them to do so depends on the wage risk that they face and their family structure. We study wage risk in the UK and show that the persistence and riskiness of wages depends on one's age and position in the wage distribution. We also calibrate a model of couples and singles with two alternative processes for wages: a canonical one and a flexible one that allows for the much richer dynamics that we document in the data. We use our model to show that allowing for rich wage dynamics is important to properly evaluate the effects of benefit reform: relative to the richer process, the canonical process underestimates wage persistence for women and generates a more important role for in-work benefits relative to income support. The optimal benefit configuration under the richer wage process, instead, is similar to that in place in the benchmark UK economy before the Universal Credit reform. The Universal Credit reform generates additional welfare gains by introducing an income disregard for families with children. While families with children are better off, households without children, and particularly single women, are worse off.

Background: Arrhythmia after myocardial infarction, a common disease, has a high incidence and lethality in clinical practice, which seriously affects patients’ quality of life and survival time. Based on our previous study and available evidence, berberine plays a role in the treatment and prevention of arrhythmia after myocardial infarction. Thus, in order to clarify the specific mechanism and provide new clinical treatments, we conducted this study. Method: Firstly, we used bioinformatics analysis and system pharmacology to analyze the physicochemical properties and biological activities of berberine in the Molinspiration server. Secondly, we explored the potential molecular mechanism of arrhythmia after myocardial infarction treated with berberine by using network pharmacology technology: (1) obtaining common genes among berberine, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmia through TCMSP, TTD databases, and so forth; (2) constructing protein–protein interaction by using STRING database; (3) using g:Profiler database to conduct GO enrichment analysis of hub genes and pathways; and (4) performing molecular docking and visualization by using AutoDock and Pymol software. Finally, we applied Western blotting analysis and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to validate the expression of relevant proteins in the TGF‐ β 1‐induced cell models. Results: The results of bioinformatics analysis and system pharmacology of berberine indicated that it had wonderful bioavailability and high biological activities. The results of network pharmacology showed that (1) 70 genes related to berberine against arrhythmia after myocardial infarction were obtained, (2) 31 hub genes were obtained by constructing PPI network, and (3) GO enrichment analysis showed that hub genes were associated with mechanisms such as stimulus and cell death. The analysis of KEGG pathways, Wiki pathways, and Reactome pathways showed that the HIF‐1 signaling pathway and interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐13 signaling pathways were the most likely to exert therapeutic effects. (4) The results of molecular docking indicated that berberine most likely exerted therapeutic effects through acting on NGF. Western blotting analysis and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques showed that berberine could reduce the expression of NGF and α ‐SMA in TGF‐ β 1‐induced cell models, which confirmed the accuracy of the above findings. Conclusion: Berberine can reduce NGF secretion not only by inhibiting the conversion of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts but also by acting directly on myofibroblasts. Thus, the sympathetic nerve remodeling was inhibited, which can reduce the occurrence of arrhythmia after myocardial infarction. Considering its wonderful bioavailability and high biological activities, we believe that berberine can be a novel potential therapeutic agent with potential for the treatment of arrhythmia after myocardial infarction.

Aims. To explore the expression of circular RNA (circRNA) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Background. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are mainly distributed in the stomach and small intestine. Recently, it has been verified that circular RNA (circRNA) has an important function in the regulation of GIST. Nevertheless, detailed investigations of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in GIST are lacking. Objective. To analyze the gastrointestinal stromal tumor circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, assessing the effect of circle RNA in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Method. All the differential circRNAs and mRNAs were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray data (GSE131481 and GSE147303, GSE131481, and GSE13861). Furthermore, a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was established. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were used to reveal the correlation between the functions of signaling pathways and target genes. The hub genes of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and cytoHubba were also defined. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expression levels of hsa-circ-0002917 (circTBC1D4), hsa-miR-590-5p (miR-590-5p), and PLN. Results. PPI network and Cytoscape showed that ATP1A2, PLN, KCNMA1, and SCNN1B were four central DEGs. GO analysis results revealed that DEGs were involved in negative management of myocardial contraction, regulation of myocardial cell contraction, ethanol oxidation, cellular potassium ion homeostasis, and relaxation of cardiac muscle, and KEGG analysis showed that major DEGs were with cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Moreover, we obtained two pairs of axes, namely, hsa-circ-0039216/hsa-miR-338-3p/ATP1A2 and hsa-circ-0002917/hsa-miR-590-5p/PLN. The target of TBC1D4 is miR-590-5p, and miR-590-5p increased after knocking down TBC1D4. Moreover, PLN was the target of miR-590-5p, and miR-590-5p exerts antitumor effects by reducing PLN. Conclusions. In this study, we constructed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA management network interrelated with GIST and researched the potential roles of circRNA. Moreover, we discovered a new molecular landmarker for the prediction, diagnosis, and therapy of patients.

Researchers and water managers have turned to green stormwater infrastructure, such as bioswales, retention basins, wetlands, rain gardens, and urban green spaces to reduce flooding, augment surface water supplies, recharge groundwater, and improve water quality. It is increasingly clear that green stormwater infrastructure not only controls stormwater volume and timing, but also promotes ecosystem services, which are the benefits that ecosystems provide to humans. Yet there has been little synthesis focused on understanding how green stormwater management affects ecosystem services. The objectives of this paper are to review and synthesize published literature on ecosystem services and green stormwater infrastructure and identify gaps in research and understanding, establishing a foundation for research at the intersection of ecosystems services and green stormwater management. We reviewed 170 publications on stormwater management and ecosystem services, and summarized the state-of-the-science categorized by the four types of ecosystem services. Major findings show that: (1) most research was conducted at the parcel-scale and should expand to larger scales to more closely understand green stormwater infrastructure impacts, (2) nearly a third of papers developed frameworks for implementing green stormwater infrastructure and highlighted barriers, (3) papers discussed ecosystem services, but less than 40% quantified ecosystem services, (4) no geographic trends emerged, indicating interest in applying green stormwater infrastructure across different contexts, (5) studies increasingly integrate engineering, physical science, and social science approaches for holistic understanding, and (6) standardizing green stormwater infrastructure terminology would provide a more cohesive field of study than the diverse and often redundant terminology currently in use. We recommend that future research provide metrics and quantify ecosystem services, integrate disciplines to measure ecosystem services from green stormwater infrastructure, and better incorporate stormwater management into environmental policy. Our conclusions outline promising future research directions at the intersection of stormwater management and ecosystem services.

Meiotic recombination is an essential biological process that generates genetic diversity and ensures proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. From a large USDA dairy cattle pedigree with over half a million genotyped animals, we extracted 186,927 three-generation families, identified over 8.5 million maternal and paternal recombination events, and constructed sex-specific recombination maps for 59,309 autosomal SNPs. The recombination map spans for 25.5 Morgans in males and 23.2 Morgans in females, for a total studied region of 2,516 Mb (986 kb/cM in males and 1,085 kb/cM in females). The male map is 10% longer than the female map and the sex difference is most pronounced in the subtelomeric regions. We identified 1,792 male and 1,885 female putative recombination hotspots, with 720 hotspots shared between sexes. These hotspots encompass 3% of the genome but account for 25% of the genome-wide recombination events in both sexes. During the past forty years, males showed a decreasing trend in recombination rate that coincided with the artificial selection for milk production. Sex-specific GWAS analyses identified PRDM9 and CPLX1 to have significant effects on genome-wide recombination rate in both sexes. Two novel loci, NEK9 and REC114, were associated with recombination rate in both sexes, whereas three loci, MSH4, SMC3 and CEP55, affected recombination rate in females only. Among the multiple PRDM9 paralogues on the bovine genome, our GWAS of recombination hotspot usage together with linkage analysis identified the PRDM9 paralogue on chromosome 1 to be associated in the U.S. Holstein data. Given the largest sample size ever reported for such studies, our results reveal new insights into the understanding of cattle and mammalian recombination.

Heat stress compromises production, fertility, and health of dairy cattle. One mitigation strategy is to select individuals that are genetically resistant to heat stress. Most of the negative effects of heat stress on animal performance are a consequence of either physiological adaptations to regulate body temperature or adverse consequences of failure to regulate body temperature. Thus, selection for regulation of body temperature during heat stress could increase thermotolerance. The objective was to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for rectal temperature (RT) during heat stress in lactating Holstein cows and identify SNPs associated with genes that have large effects on RT. Records on afternoon RT where the temperature-humidity index was ≥78.2 were obtained from 4,447 cows sired by 220 bulls, resulting in 1,440 useable genotypes from the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip with 39,759 SNP. For GWAS, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 adjacent SNP were averaged to identify consensus genomic regions associated with RT. The largest proportion of SNP variance (0.07 to 0.44%) was explained by markers flanking the region between 28,877,547 and 28,907,154 bp on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 24. That region is flanked by U1 (28,822,883 to 28,823,043) and NCAD (28,992,666 to 29,241,119). In addition, the SNP at 58,500,249 bp on BTA 16 explained 0.08% and 0.11% of the SNP variance for 2- and 3-SNP analyses, respectively. That contig includes SNORA19 , RFWD2 and SCARNA3 . Other SNPs associated with RT were located on BTA 16 (close to CEP170 and PLD5), BTA 5 (near SLCO1C1 and PDE3A), BTA 4 (near KBTBD2 and LSM5), and BTA 26 (located in GOT1 , a gene implicated in protection from cellular stress). In conclusion, there are QTL for RT in heat-stressed dairy cattle. These SNPs could prove useful in genetic selection and for identification of genes involved in physiological responses to heat stress.

巫山布氏角蟾(Boulenophrys wushanensis)为我国特有物种,主要分布于陕西、甘肃、四川、重庆和湖北等地。2016年6月,在对陕西省楼观台实验林场进行动物资源调查时,采集到1号蟾类标本(34°N,108°22’E; 海拔1 010 m),经鉴定为角蟾科(Megophryidae)布氏角蟾属(Boulenophrys)巫山布氏角蟾,经查阅相关文献[1-5],确定为陕西省内秦岭以北首次发现。该标本为雌性,肛部上方呈弧状凸出,第一、二指无婚刺,趾部无蹼。体长37.9 mm,据记载雌蟾成体长38 mm左右[6],该蟾发育为成体阶段。头长11.8 mm,头宽12.0 mm,头部长宽几乎相等。吻部显著突出于下唇,鼓膜2.1 mm,大而圆。背部较为光滑,有成排的痣粒,体侧有小疣粒,腹面光滑,腋腺位于胸侧且小,股后腺明显。前臂及掌长14.4 mm,不到体长一半。指、趾端圆,趾间有蹼迹。体背面浅褐色,两眼间有深褐色

2019年12月27日,在西藏察隅县进行鸟类调查时,于察瓦龙乡昌西村附近(28°22’26.31″ N,98°26’23.63″ E; 海拔2 392 m)观察到4只棕褐色雀形目(Passeriforms)鸟类,查阅《中国鸟类野外手册》[1]及《中国鸟类图鉴》[2]确定为宝兴鹛雀(Moupinia poecilotis)(图1)。查阅相关文献[3-6]及中国观鸟记录中心数据库(http://www.birdreport.cn/),尚无宝兴鹛雀在西藏分布的报道,确定该种为西藏鸟类分布新纪录。宝兴鹛雀为雀形目莺鹛科(Sylviidae)鸟类,体长13～15 cm。雌雄羽色相似,头顶和上体呈橄榄褐色,眉纹灰白色,两翅表面棕栗色,下体从喉部至腹部由白色逐渐过渡为棕黄色,两胁及臀黄褐色,脚浅褐色,尾羽棕褐色。宝兴鹛雀为单型种,无亚种分化,文献记载国内分布于云南西北部及四川西南部[7-8],为中国鸟类特有种[9],国家二级重点保护野生动物[10],国家“三有名录”鸟类。

2021年4月9日16时25分,在浙江省杭州市临安区浙江农林大学东湖校区校园内(30°15’32.02401″N,119°43’28.02399″E; 海拔60.4 m)的湖边山坡林间草地上,拍摄到2只翅膀上有白色羽毛(其中1只有偏棕色羽毛)、像乌鸫(Turdus mandarinus)的鸟类,鉴定为灰翅鸫(T.boulboul)的雄鸟和雌鸟,并确认为浙江省鸟类新纪录。灰翅鸫,属于雀形目(Passeriformes)鸫科(Turdidae),体长与乌鸫相当,为典型林鸟。雌鸟与雄鸟外形差异较大:雄鸟具黄色眼圈,覆羽有白色斑驳翼纹; 雌鸟为橄榄褐色,覆羽有灰色翼纹,雌雄鸟腹部具灰色鳞状纹。灰翅鸫在陕西南部、甘肃南部、云南东南部、四川、贵州、湖北、湖南、广东和广西有分布[1]。根据文献显示,江西省[2]2017年5月拍摄到1只灰翅鸫; 河南省[3]在2016年4月、2017年6月各有2次红外相机影像记录;