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Military Service
\"The United States, as reflected in the news media, has a long history of either requiring or requesting citizens to be participants in the military. From the Civil War, through two world wars and the Vietnam War, to the conflicts in Afghanistan and the threat of terrorism, perspectives on military service, the draft, and citizen soldiers has changed. How has military service been portrayed through the news and perceived by the public throughout the country's history of wars and peacetimes? And how have the attitudes of American citizens changed when it comes to serving in the military? This collection of articles explores these questions and more, and also features Media Literacy Terms and Questions to further inform and guide readers.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Correction: The use of dance to improve the health and wellbeing of older adults: A global scoping review of research trials
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311889.].
Journal Article
Correction: Women’s experiences of and satisfaction with childbirth: Development and validation of a measurement scale for low- and middle-income countries
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322132.].
Journal Article
3 Things You Should Know About Managing Advanced Melanoma With Oncolytic Viral Immunotherapies
The information provided in this activity is for accredited continuing education purposes only and is not meant to substitute for the independent clinical judgment of a health care professional relative to diagnostic, treatment, or management options for a specific patient's medical condition. Dual checkpoint inhibition with ipilimumab and nivolumab, as demonstrated in the CheckMate 067 trial (NCT01844505), improved mOS to nearly 6 years (71.9 months).6 Meanwhile, PD-1/LAG-3 combinations, such as nivolumab/relatlimab, have shown an increase in PFS in treatment-naive patients (10.1 vs 4.6 months), with emerging data for fianlimab/cemiplimab supporting further exploration.7,8 Targeted therapies such as BRAF/MEK inhibitor combinations (eg, dabrafenib/trametinib) offer another route, particularly for the 50% of patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma, though concerns about acquired resistance remain.9 Moreover, adoptive cellular therapies, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), are also gaining traction, with lifileucel becoming the first FDA-approved TIL therapy in 2024, demonstrating objective response rates (ORRs) of 31.5% and durable responses in pretreated patients.10,11 While IL-2 toxicity poses challenges, TIL therapies are typically not associated with severe cytokine-related toxicities seen with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell approaches.12 Emerging IL-2–sparing agents, such as OBX-115, represent the next generation of promising cell therapies under investigation.13 Lastly, intratumoral oncolytic viruses have introduced new therapeutic approaches that circumvent the challenges faced with therapeutic resistance. T-VEC is the first FDA-approved oncolytic virus for advanced melanoma, producing durable response rates of 16.3% in the OPTiM trial (NCT00769704).14 RP1 (vusolimogene oderparepvec), another HSV-1–derived virus, has also shown promising results in the phase 2 IGNYTE trial (NCT03767348) when given in combination with nivolumab, regardless of prior PD-1 exposure or resistance. Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a transformative strategy in the treatment of advanced melanoma, especially for patients who have progressed on ICIs.Agents such as T-VEC and RP1 exemplify the practicality of administering intratumoral therapies to stimulate systemic immune responses.14,15 Looking closer at RP1, it is engineered to express granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and a fusogenic protein, promoting immunogenic cell death and enhancing lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor microenvironment (TME).
Journal Article
Reaping richer returns : public spending priorities for African agriculture productivity growth
Enhancing the productivity of agriculture is vital for Sub-Saharan Africa's economic future and is one of the most important tools to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity in the region. How governments elect to spend public resources has significant development impact in this regard. Choosing to catalyze a shift toward more effective, efficient, and climate-resilient public spending in agriculture can accelerate change and unleash growth. Not only does agricultural public spending in Sub-Saharan Africa lag behind other developing regions but its impact is vitiated by subsidy programs and transfers that tend to benefit elites to the detriment of poor people and the agricultural sector itself. Shortcomings in the budgeting processes also reduce spending effectiveness. In light of this scenario, addressing the quality of public spending and the efficiency of resource use becomes even more important than addressing only the level of spending. Improvements in the policy environment, better institutions, and investments in rural public goods positively affect agricultural productivity. These, combined with smarter use of public funds, have helped lay the foundations for agricultural productivity growth around the world, resulting in a wealth of important lessons from which African policy makers and development practitioners can draw. The rigorous analysis presented in this book provides options for reform with a view to boosting the productivity of African agriculture and eventually increasing development impact.
Book
3 Things You Should Know About Evolving Strategies in SCLC: Limited-Stage Advances, Frontline Innovation, and Postplatinum Progress
Evaluate current and emerging clinical trial data on novel therapeutic strategies for the management of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Develop proactive approaches to anticipate, mitigate, and manage treatment-related adverse events in patients receiving SCLC therapy Integrate evidence from clinical trials into real-world practice to optimize the use of SCLC treatments across different lines of care RELEASE DATE: The information provided in this activity is for accredited continuing education purposes only and is not meant to substitute for the independent clinical judgment of a health care professional relative to diagnostic, treatment, or management options for a specific patient's medical condition. Therapeutic options are increasing for patients with relapsed or refractory SCLC following first-line chemotherapy (Figure 2).9 Lurbinectedin remains an important second-line option per NCCN guidelines.9 The phase 1/2 LUPER trial (NCT04358237) studied the safety and efficacy of combination lurbinectedin and pembrolizumab in 12 patients with SCLC who progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy.10 One patient experienced complete response, while 3 achieved partial response and another 3 achieved stable disease, for a disease control rate (DCR) of 61.5%. Tarlatamab is a DLL3xCD3 T-cell engager that has been approved for use as a second-line therapy following platinum-based chemotherapy due to the demonstrated sustained clinical benefit in patients with previously treated SCLC in the phase 2 DeLLphi-301 trial (NCT05060016).11 In the 10-mg dose group, the ORR was 40.4% with a median duration of response of 9.7 months (95% CI, 6.9-not estimable [NE]).12 The median PFS was 4.3 months (95% CI, 3.0-5.6), and the median OS was 15.2 months (95% CI, 10.8-NE).
Journal Article
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Update for 2018
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons and other neuronal cells, leading to severe disability and eventually death from ventilatory failure. It has a prevalence of 5 in 100,000, with an incidence of 1.7 per 100,000, reflecting short average survival. The pathogenesis is incompletely understood, but defects of RNA processing and protein clearance may be fundamental. Repeat expansions in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9orf72) are the most common known genetic cause of ALS and are seen in approximately 40% of patients with a family history and approximately 10% of those without. No environmental risk factors are proved to be causative, but many have been proposed, including military service. The diagnosis of ALS rests on a history of painless progressive weakness coupled with examination findings of upper and lower motor dysfunction. No diagnostic test is yet available, but electromyography and genetic tests can support the diagnosis. Care for patients is best provided by a multidisciplinary team, and most interventions are directed at managing symptoms. Two medications with modest benefits have Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of ALS: riluzole, a glutamate receptor antagonist, and, new in 2017, edaravone, a free radical scavenger. Many other encouraging treatment strategies are being explored in clinical trials for ALS; herein we review stem cell and antisense oligonucleotide gene therapies.
Journal Article