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Pinch analysis and related techniques are the key to design of inherently energy-efficient plants. This book shows engineers how to understand and optimize energy use in their processes, whether large or small. Energy savings go straight to the bottom line as increased profit, as well as reducing emissions. This is the key guide to process integration for both experienced and newly qualified engineers, as well as academics and students. It begins with an introduction to the main concepts of pinch analysis, the calculation of energy targets for a given process, the pinch temperature and the golden rules of pinch-based design to meet energy targets. Supported by valuable downloadable software, the book shows how to extract the stream data necessary for a pinch analysis and describes the targeting process in depth. Other essential details include the design of heat exchanger networks, hot and cold utility systems, CHP (combined heat and power), refrigeration and optimization of system operating conditions. Many tips and techniques for practical application are covered, supported by several detailed case studies and other examples covering a wide range of industries, including buildings and other non-process situations.

Le concept d’économies morales, proposé par E. P. Thompson il y a quarante ans, a connu depuis lors un succès non démenti mais pourtant ambigu. D’abord, dans les années 1970 et 1980, repris par le politiste James Scott, il a nourri un ensemble important de travaux, surtout anthropologiques, sur les formes de résistance et de rébellion des paysanneries du tiers-monde. Ensuite, dans les années 1990 et 2000, à la suite de l’historienne Lorraine Daston, il a servi à interpréter les réseaux de valeurs et d’affects incorporés dans le travail scientifique et au-delà dans divers mondes sociaux. Après avoir fait un retour sur les analyses princeps de l’inventeur du concept pour en montrer les tensions et les paradoxes, j’examine les continuités et les ruptures dans ses multiples descendances en prêtant notamment attention aux enrichissements mais aussi aux abandons théoriques de la période récente. J’avance alors une définition plus ouverte que celle initialement donnée (en ne limitant pas le concept aux groupes dominés et en ne le restreignant pas au domaine économique) et plus critique que celle secondairement adoptée (en restituant la dimension politique des économies morales) et j’en propose quelques illustrations à partir de mes travaux empiriques autour de l’immigration et de la violence dans différents contextes historiques pour en montrer le potentiel heuristique. Revisiting moral economies The concept of moral economy, conceived by E. P. Thompson forty years ago, has been significantly but ambiguously successful in the social sciences. Initially, in the 1970s and 1980s, through the work of political scientist James Scott, it nourished important studies, mostly in anthropology, on forms of resistance and rebellion among Third World peasants. Later, in the 1990s and 2000s, in the footsteps of historian Lorraine Daston, it was used to interpret networks of values and affects embedded in scientific activities and more broadly in various social worlds. After discussing the foundational analysis of the inventor of the concept to show its tensions and paradoxes, I analyze the continuities and ruptures among his numerous descendants, focusing particularly on the theoretical enrichments but also renouncements of the recent period. I eventually propose a new definition, more open than the original one (by not limiting the concept to the dominated and not restricting it to the economic domain) and more critical than the one secondarily adopted (by restituting the political dimension of moral economies), with a few illustrations from my own empirical work around immigration and violence in two historical contexts to demonstrate the heuristic potential of this paradigm.

The purpose of this paper is to integrate and quantify the Blue Ocean Strategy for the business activities proposed by the Kim and Mauborge model and by Schumpeter's competitive strategy. It analyzes the importance of innovation and scale economy in Colombia, based on information from 8,000 companies over a period of 12 years. This study also emphasizes the importance of new product performance, new technologies, innovation, invention, scale economy and production cycles in companies, based on the authors' empirical exercise and international trade and economy recent literature. The possibility of improving the performance of companies with strategies for new products and processes is vital for industry policies seeking new ways to help businesses foster innovation. This paper analyzes how the Blue Ocean Strategy is particularly useful as a guide to help entrepreneurs achieve dynamic innovation. The empirical exercise documented is a sector analysis approach for company growth, considering contribution decomposition obtained by of the development of new products, markets, processes, raw materials used and reorganization through takeovers and fusions.

The purpose of this research is to identify the key Circular Economy dimensions (CE-D) in Agri-tourism industry and to determine the performance of these dimensions using AHP-TOPSIS method. The research is carried out in two stages, firstly 11 CE-D were identified using systematic literature review. In stage two, industrial experts validate and finalize 9 CE-D which can decide the overall performance of Agri-Tourism Networks. The AHP analysis shows that Destination Attractiveness is valued highest for making CE decisions, whereas, community contributions and sustainable livelihoods valued second and third as important dimensions. Moreover, TOPSIS shows that Pithoragarh is emerged as the best cluster among all Agri-tourism clusters selected for the study, whereas, Almora stood in second position. The Agri-food clusters are becoming more complex and flexible and started putting pressure on existing supply chains to re-design the existing value chain and incorporate more sustainable practices and performances. The identification of Circular Economy Dimensions (CE-D) to evaluate the performance of clusters can serve as guiding tool for the Agri-tourism Practioners and policy makers. Besides, the study examines relevant issues related to CE in Agri-tourism clusters, major advantages and challenges of building CE driven Agri-tourism clusters. The limitation of the study is the geographical coverage and limited demography of the respondents. The research study is among very few works on evaluating Agri-tourism supply chain practices in India, with the case reference of Uttarakhand.

[Purpose/Significance] Consumption is an important aspect of stimulating domestic demand. In the current development stage, the spatial and geographical distribution characteristics of our country indicate that domestic demand has great potential. However, the evaluation of consumption potential in the digital economy is a complex systematic project. Current research does not fully consider the correlation between evaluation indicators, and there are some problems such as low efficiency and too much reliance on the subjective experience of experts, which affect the scientific and reasonable evaluation results of consumption potential. [Method/Process] First of all, starting from each major work link that affects the consumption potential under the background of the digital economy, the preliminary evaluation index was determined through expert consultation and literature research and screening, and the primary evaluation index set of consumption potential under the background of the digital economy wasconstru

La polyculture-élevage est souvent citée comme étant un idéal agronomique source d’économies pour l’agriculteur et à moindre impact environnemental négatif. La complémentarité entre les ateliers élevage et culture devrait permettre l’utilisation partagée de facteurs de production, et donc une réduction de l’utilisation d’intrants. Au-delà du concept, cette étude a pour objectif d’observer si, dans un bassin de production, les fermes produisant de la viande bovine et de grandes cultures affichent des performances productives et économiques différentes des fermes herbagères spécialisées bovins viande. À partir des données d’un échantillon d’exploitations de bovins allaitants charolais du centre de la France, nous observons que les exploitations dites de polyculture-élevage sont systématiquement plus grandes que les exploitations herbagères spécialisées. La grande taille des exploitations entraîne une forte augmentation des besoins en équipement et des charges induites. Ces charges ne se partagent pas entre productions animales et végétales. Au final, nous n’observons pas de différence de coût de production du kilogramme de viande produit ou de revenu par travailleur, entre exploitations herbagères spécialisées et exploitations de polyculture-élevage. Le concept vertueux de la polyculture-élevage se heurte à des réalités structurelles et socio-économiques. Afin de pourvoir bénéficier d’avantages économiques potentiels liés à la diversification, il faudrait réfléchir à de nouvelles formes de structure d’exploitations d’élevage françaises. Mixed crop-livestock farming is often quoted as an agronomic ideal that is a source of savings for the farmer and has a lower negative environmental impact. The complementarity between livestock and crop units should allow the shared use of production factors, and thus a reduction in the use of inputs. Beyond the concept, the objective of this study is to observe whether, in a production area, farms producing beef and crops show different productive and economic performances from specialised beef cattle grassland farms. Based on data from a sample of Charolais suckler cattle farms in central France, we observe that the so-called mixed crop-livestock farms are systematically larger than specialised grassland farms. The large size of the farms leads to a strong increase in equipment needs and induced expenses. These expenses are not shared between animal and plant production. In the end, we do not observe any difference in production cost per kilogram of live-weight produced or in income per worker between specialised grassland farms and mixed crop-livestock farms. The virtuous concept of mixed crop-livestock farming comes up against structural and socio-economic realities. In order to be able to benefit from potential economic advantages linked to diversification, new forms of structure for French livestock farms should be considered.

Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'asile a fait l'objet d'une institutionnalisation dans le cadre de la Convention de Genève de 1951. En France, la Cour nationale du droit d'asile examine les recours des déboutés de l'Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides. Son activité se déploie dans un contexte où le discours public fait prévaloir le doute sur le bien-fondé de la majorité des demandes, le taux d'admission en première instance étant passé de neuf à un sur dix en trois décennies. Nous nous intéressons à la manière dont les transformations de l'économie morale de l'asile, de la confiance au soupçon, se traduisent dans les pratiques de justice locale, fondées sur des principes d'indépendance et d'équité. Nous appuyant sur une enquête par observation et entretien conduite pendant dix-huit mois, nous analysons les recommandations des rapporteurs et les décisions des formations de jugement. Nous montrons qu'au-delà de la diversité de leur profil sociologique les rapporteurs se distinguent peu dans leurs avis, tandis que, sous l'effet des logiques institutionnelles, les différences entre les formations de jugement se corrigent. La tension qui s'instaure ainsi entre les idéaux et les normes de la protection asilaire, d'une part, l'injonction des politiques et la routine des pratiques, d'autre part, se résout dans le sentiment que le principe de l'asile est d'autant mieux défendu que l'accès en est restrient. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Geneva Convention of 1951 institutionalized asylum-granting. In France, the National Court of Asylum examines appeals from applicants whose requests have been turned down by the French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons. The Court operates in a context where public discourse is increasingly likely to cast doubt on the validity of applications and where the Office's application acceptance rate has fallen from nine-in-ten to one-in-ten in the last thirty years. We examine how changes in the moral economy of asylum-granting and the shift from trust to suspicion are reflected in local justice practices founded on the principles of political independence and decision fairness. Using the results of an eighteen-month-long observation and interview study, we analyze Court asylum application rapporteurs' recommendations and Court rulings. Despite sociological differences between rapporteurs, their recommendations differ little, while divergences in perspective between magistrates are attenuated by the overall pressure of institutional procedures. The tension that thus develops between the ideals and norms of protection through asylum and policy injunctions and routine practices may be summed up by the impression that the more limited access to asylum is, the more firmly the asylum principle is defended. Seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Asyl im Rahmen der Genfer Vereinbarung von 1951 institutionalisiert. In Frankreich prüft die Cour nationale du droit d'asile [Staatlicher Gerichtshof für Asylrecht] die Regresse gegen die durch das Office français de protection des réfugiés et des apatrides [Französische Anstalt zum Schutz der Flüchtlinge und Staatenlosen] verweigerten Asylanträge. Die Arbeit des Gerichtshofs verläuft in einem Kontext, in dem der öffentliche Diskurs die Berechtigung des größten Teils der Anträge anzweifelt, was dazu führte, daß die Zulassungen in erster Instanz von neun zu eins auf zehn zu drei zurückgefallen sind. Wir befassen uns mit der Art, wie die Wandlung der Moralischen Ökonomie des Asyls vom Vertrauen zum Verdacht sich in der Praxis der lokalen Justiz umsetzt, die auf Unabhängigkeit und Gleichbehandlung gegründet ist. Wir stützen uns auf eine über eineinhalb Jahre geführte Beobachtungs- und Gesprächsforschung und analysieren die Empfehlungen der Referenten und der Entscheidungen zur Urteilsbildung. Wir zeigen auf, daß über ihre unterschiedlichen soziologischen Profile hinaus die Referenten nur wenig abweichende Ansichten vorbringen, während unter Einwirkung der Institutionslogik die Unterschiede in der Urteilsfindung korrigiert werden. Die somit zwischen den Idealen und den Normen des Asylschutzes einerseits, der politischen Vorschrift und der Praxisroutine andererseits auftretenden Spannungen lösen sich in dem Gefühl, daß das Asylrecht umso besser verteidigt ist, als es eingeschränkt wird. Desde la segunda guerra mundial, el derecho de asilo ha sido objeto de una institutcionalización dentro de la convención de Ginebra de 1951. En Francia, la Corte Nacional del Derecho de Asilo examina los recursos de los desestimados de la oficina francesa para la protección de los refugiados y de los apátridas. Su actividad se despliega en un contexto donde el discurso público invoca la duda sobre lo bien fundado de la mayoría de las solicitudes, habiendo descendido de nueve a uno, sobre diez, la taza de admisión en primera instancia, en los tres decenios. Nosotros nos interesamos a la manera por la cual las transformaciones de la economía moral del asilo, de la confianza a la sospecha, se reflejan en las prácticas de justicia local, basadas sobre los principios de independencia y equidad. Apoyándonos en una encuesta de observación y de entrevista efectuada durante diez y ocho meses, analizamos las recomendaciones de los informadores y las decisiones de las formas de juzgamiento. Mostramos que más allá de la diversidad de su perfil sociológico, los informadores se diferencian poco en sus opiniones, mientras que, bajo el efecto de las lógicas institucionales las diferencias entre las elaboraciones de juzgamiento se corrigen. Así, la tensión que se instaura entre los ideales y las normas de protección del asilo, de una parte, la exhortación de las políticas y la rutina de las prácticas por otra parte, se resuelve en el sentimiento que el principio del asilo es con mayor razón mejor defendido si el acceso es limitado.

With globalization, the notion of “creative city” has become a core concept of many cities in the world development policies, with real properties being upgraded or used to change, renewal is being conducted, and creative industries are emerging. This trend has reached its peak in the past decade, with different forms and scales gathering global development momentum among the creative communities to promote the development of creative economies. In recent years, however, there was still skepticism about the sustainability of the current creative communities. Many scholars have pointed out that signs of unsustainability have begun to appear in many creative communities. To overcome these obstacles, the development of rational and highly effective improvement strategy requires a dynamic thinking process. Therefore, this study employs the DEMATEL-based ANP with modified VIKOR (D-DANP-mV) model in presenting an assessment framework for the sustainability of creative communities. This system is used to assess the sustainability of current creative communities and determine how to solve their problems. Thus, continuous and systemic improvement strategies can be developed to achieve the aim of sustainable development. Two creative communities in Taiwan, Taichung Cultural and Creative Industries Park (TCCIP), and Shen-Ji New Village (SJNV), are used as case studies in this study. Based on the concept of systematic improvement from fundamental issues, the results indicate that the improvement priorities can be determined by applying the D-DANP-mV model. This approach is different from those found by a conventional method with the hypothesis of independent criteria (e.g., diversification of creative talents in TCCIP), and cannot use for performance improvement (e.g., only can be used for ranking and selection among alternatives). Considering these points, unreasonable premises, biased errors, and lack of some real application functions in the process of resource allocation could be more efficient improvement strategies generated in this proposed model.

La « transition énergétique » est dans toutes les têtes. Le pétrole s’épuise, les rejets de gaz carbonique vont changer le climat, le monde va augmenter considérablement sa consommation énergétique dans les décennies qui viennent… tous les éléments d’un scénario catastrophe sont réunis ! Ce livre nous ramène à la raison : la technique, la recherche, l’ingéniosité des hommes sont là. Les quinze responsables et spécialistes réunis dans cet ouvrage permettent de le mesurer. En trois chapitres, on prend les justes dimensions du problème énergétique – une connaissance qui aide le lecteur à ne pas céder à la panique mais le convainc que cependant les efforts sont urgents. Les techniques d’aujourd’hui – pour les transports, pour la production d’électricité, pour le nucléaire – sont en évolution et deviennent plus performantes. Les recherches pour cela sont dans les laboratoires et sont analysées dans les six chapitres suivants. En six autres chapitres enfin, on verra que pour l’avenir plus lointain, l’utilisation de l’énergie de la matière vivante, les nouvelles batteries pour stocker l’électricité, techniques balbutiantes aujourd’hui, sont pleines de promesses. Grâce à la recherche, elles seront là pour ouvrir la voie à une société nouvelle, qui disposera d’énergie mais saura mieux la gérer… car elle aura compris qu’elle est précieuse. La chimie est au centre de ces réflexions. Qu’il s’agisse de matériaux pour éviter les pertes dans le transport de l’électricité, de physico-chimie pour mettre au point de nouvelles batteries pour mouvoir les véhicules ou stocker l’électricité, de biochimie pour savoir capter l’énergie des algues ou celle des plantes, on ne peut éviter de solliciter les progrès de cette science centrale et souvent méconnue.

In Atlantic Gaul, 346 non-funerary metal hoards from the Late Bronze Age and 350 from the Early Iron Age have been discovered on land, especially in the Armorican Massif and its fringes. The hoards were constituted, respectively, of 18,666 and 40,638 metallic elements. A more precise chronological study has helped to envisage the main variations in intensity of hoarding practices from one period to another. The two periods of maximum hoarding were during the 9th c. BC (BFa 3 récent or Vénat horizon), and the 6th c. BC (1er Fer a. 2 and 3, or Trelly and Saint-James horizons). Independent of these variations in the number of hoards and the amount of hoarded objects, we can observe two very distinct and sequential practices relating to the formation of these hoards. During the Late Bronze Age these hoards were made up of various objects, intact or broken, in diverse stages of usage. The more we advance in the Late Bronze Age, the more the objects are broken and disseminated from their place of origin. During the Early Iron Age, the manner in which objects are hoarded is radically different, although less so in the Armorican Massif. The Early Iron Age hoards consist of intact objects all belonging to the same functional category. These objects are shaped like axe blades, but are not usable as tools or weapons. Throughout the Early Iron Age, these pseudo-axe blades decrease in size, to the point that they become miniatures. The aim of this paper is to answer two main questions : How do we explain the great differences between the composition of hoards from the Late Bronze Age and those of the Early Iron Age, even though the objects found are made of the same metal (copper alloy) ? What was the biography of the objects before and during their deposit in their respective hoards, and what does that tell us about their protohistoric economy ? In my attempts to answer these questions, I investigated the ‘ chaîne opératoire’ with regard to the manipulation of objects. I also used the concepts of the use value and of the exchange value of the metal distinguished by 19th century economists. During the Late Bronze Age, most objects were used before hoarding. The biggest ones were systematically broken after having been used, therefore losing their functional value. At the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, the fragments of large objects found in the hoards can often be pieced together into the original form. This is indicative of a short time between fragmentation and deposition. However, as the Late Bronze Age progressed, fragments of the same object were no longer found together. This is evidence of the dispersion of the fragments long before their inclusion in a given hoard. This shows that the handling of objects between their being broken and being deposited in the hoard became more complex and/ or took place over a greater period of time. I interpreted this phenomenon as the circulation of metal, in the form of fragments or else in smaller, intact objects that had lost their functionality. During the Early Iron Age, the pseudo-axes are hoarded in an unfinished state. Other clues (miniature size, improper alloy for tools, flimsy cutting edge) prove that they did not have any use value. However, these objects were not made to be hoarded. Even though they have no trace of being worn down the way a tool or weapon would be, they nevertheless show signs of wear and tear in the sense that they have passed through many hands. In some cases, the presence of ties (metal wire, strings) joining the axes to one another would have facilitated their transport. The diversity of typological assemblages of the pseudo-axes in most hoards also supports the idea of long-term circulation. The hypothesis developed here is that the pseudo-axes of the Early Iron Age, having no functional value, were circulated uniquely for their exchange value. Thus, they would have served as a pre-monetary currency. This hypothesis is not new, but it was put aside for several decades. What is important to note is that these were the first objects conceived to be used solely as currency in Atlantic Europe. Other small objects used as currency are known in the world around this time, especially in China, and demonstrates that this was not an isolated phenomenon. Since the hoards of the Early Iron Age fossilized a pre-monetary exchange system, we could imagine that the hoards from the Atlantic Late Bronze Age also gather goods used essentially as currency and a store of pre-monetary wealth. To support this hypothesis, I note that the heaviest and longest objects were shattered and compacted over a long period of time, and the fragments were widely dispersed from their presumed place of production. My interpretation is that bronze objects were reduced to their exchange value, that is to say their metallic weight, serving as a currency for pre-monetary exchanges. The shattering of large objects would be first linked to successive transactions and to the need to have metallic pieces that were more easily manipulated. The identification of beams and weights used in scales discovered in Late Bronze Age settlements in Atlantic Gaul shows that it was possible to weigh metallic objects or pieces precisely. Historical and ethnographical parallels show the use of weighed metal as currency in pre-monetary exchanges. To sum up, the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Atlantic hoards represent two different, successive sequences of forms of exchange and hoarding of wealth. Specifically, I believe that the two sequences demonstrate two different concepts of value and the use of metal in a pre-monetary economic setting : the first is based on bronze weighed in bulk, the second on bronze tallied in the form of instruments standardized for exchanges. Such trade, with metal as an underlying currency, probably only represents a portion of the exchange systems at that time. In all likelihood, they demonstrate the payment of particular social obligations. Finally, the ideas developed in this paper do not contradict the hypothesis that hoards could reflect ritualistic practices, because hoards are very numerous and sometimes discovered in particular or remote places, such as marshlands. If that were the case, hoards would be the fossilization of exchanges during a ritual. En Gaule atlantique, 696 dépôts métalliques non funéraires du Bronze final et du premier âge du Fer ont été découverts en milieu terrestre, spécialement dans le Massif armoricain et ses marges. Ils matérialisent deux séquences bien distinctes et successives de pratiques de constitution des dépôts. Au Bronze final, les dépôts réunissent essentiellement des objets variés, entiers ou cassés, à divers stades de leur vie technique. Au premier âge du Fer, ils consistent en objets intacts dont la forme est celle d’une hache, mais qui sont inutilisables en tant qu’outil. L’hypothèse développée ici est que ces dépôts atlantiques fossilisent des formes d’échange et de thésaurisation de la richesse. Plus précisément, nous pensons que les deux séquences matérialisent deux conceptions différentes de la valeur et de l’usage du métal dans un registre économique prémonétaire : la première est fondée sur du bronze pesé en vrac, la seconde sur du bronze plutôt compté sous la forme d’instruments standardisés à cet effet. Ces échanges ayant pour support le métal ne recouvraient probablement qu’une partie des sphères de transaction de l’époque. Sans doute matérialisent-ils le paiement d’obligations sociales particulières. Milcent Pierre-Yves. Valeurs d’usage et d’échange. La dimension prémonétaire des dépôts en Gaule atlantique du XIIIe au Ve s. av. J.-C.. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 114, n°4, 2017. pp. 711-737.