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"ácidos grasos"
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Aceites y grasas: efectos en la salud y regulación mundial
by
Cabezas-Zábala, Claudia Costanza
,
Vargas-Zarate, Melier
,
Hernández-Torres, Blanca Cecilia
in
Fats
,
Fatty Acids
,
Grasas
2016
El consumo excesivo de alimentos fuente de grasa, acompañado por estilos de vida sedentarios, afecta el peso corporal y la salud. La ingesta de grasa total se relaciona con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el perfil lipídico, por tanto la reducción de su consumo disminuye el peso, el IMC, el colesterol total (CT) y el colesterol LDL. La alteración del perfil lipídico es un factor de riesgo para sufrir enfermedades cardiocerebrovasculares; los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) y ácidos grasos saturados (AGS) se consideran factor de riesgo para algunos tipos de cáncer. La reducción del consumo de grasa saturada puede presentar un efecto protector para eventos cardiovasculares. Además, la disminución del consumo de AGS y el aumento de ácidos grasos monosaturados y poliinsaturados puede reducir el colesterol LDL. La normativa regulatoria del contenido de nutrientes de los alimentos debe ser priorizada con medidas eficaces que protejan la salud del consumidor; es así como varios países cuentan con regulaciones sobre el contenido de grasas. Además, se han realizado acciones exitosas en salud pública como la implementación de diferentes tipos de aceite y acciones educativas con el fin de lograr el consumo de alimentos más saludables.
Journal Article
Composición en ácidos grasos de alimentos de alto consumo por la población escolar de la región Metropolitana de Chile, incluyendo contenido en ácidos grasos trans Fatty acid profile of high consumption foods by school population of the region Metropolitan of Chile, including trans fatty acid content
2010
La población escolar chilena ha mostrado un notable cambio en sus hábitos alimentarios, incorporando a su dieta alimentos con alto aporte de grasa que podrían explicar los altos índices de obesidad que hoy se tienen. Gran parte de estos alimentos utilizan grasas industrializadas con alto contenido en ácidos grasos saturados (AGS) y que potencialmente podrían contener ácidos grasos trans (AGT) provenientes de la hidrogenación parcial de aceites o contenidos en forma natural en materias grasas de animales rumiantes.El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos, incluyendo los AGT, de aquellos alimentos de mayor consumo por la población escolar de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Se aplicó una encuesta alimentaria a 203 escolares de la Región Metropolitana de Chile , con preguntas de frecuencia y preferencia de consumo de diferentes tipos de alimentos. De acuerdo a esta encuesta se seleccionaron diez tipos de alimentos diferentes a los que se les determinó el contenido de grasa y su perfil en ácidos grasos, incluyendo AGT ,medidos por Cromatografía Gas Liquido, según Norma UNE 5509. Se realizó tres muestreos, se trabajo con muestras compuestas por cinco envases individuales y los análisis se realizaron en duplicado. Se encontró que gran parte de los alimentos analizados presentaron bajos contenidos de AGT (<1 %), sin embargo algunos de ellos presentaron un notable aporte de AGS, lo que hace que ellos tengan una baja relación AGPI/AGS y por ende baja calidad nutricional de su grasa. La escasa presencia de AGT encontrados en los alimentos analizados es posible debido a la disminución en el uso de materias grasas hidrogenadas, fruto de las recomendaciones de la OPS/OMS que están siendo acogidas en nuestro país.The Chilean school population has shown remarkable changes in their eating habits, incorporating high fat content foods to their diet, which could explain the current high obesity rates. A great proportion of these foods uses industrial fats whit high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and potentially contains trans fatty acids (TFA) as a result of partial oil hydrogenation or as a natural form in ruminant animals fat. The purpose of this investigation was to determine fatty acid profile, including trans fatty acids, from food consumed by the Metropolitan Region school population. A food consumption survey was applied to 203 Metropolitan Region of Chile school-children, which consisted of questions about food consumption frequency and consumer preferences. Based on the results, ten types of food products were selected. Fat content, fatty acids profile, including trans fatty acid, were determinate by GLC according to the UNE 5509 Norm. Each analysis was carried out in duplicate and three samplings were performed. It was found that a great percentage of the analyzed foods showed low TFA content (<1%). However, some of them presented remarkable saturated fatty acids content, generating a PUFA/SFA ratio with poor fat nutritional quality. The low TFA concentration found in the food may be explained by a decrease in the use of hydrogenated fats, following PAHO/WHO recommendation, which are being applied in Chile.
Journal Article
Caracterización y perfil lipídico de aceites de microalgas
by
Henao-Argumedo, Daniela
,
Alvear-Alayón, Mario
,
Tejeda-Benítez, Lesly
in
Biodiésel
,
ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
,
Ingeniería Ambiental
2015
El uso creciente del biodiésel ha impulsado la búsqueda de nuevas materias primas, dentro de las que se destacan las microalgas. En esta investigación se estudió el cultivo de las microalgas Chlorella sp. y Dunaliella salina bajo diferentes condiciones de pH y concentración de nitrógeno (mgL-1), y la caracterización de los aceites obtenidos, con el fin de evaluar su potencial uso como materia prima en la producción de biodiésel. La D. salina alcanzó una máxima concentración celular de 1.15x106 células mL-1 en 6 días de cultivo en unas condiciones de 8.5 pH y 0.1 mg L-1 concentración de nitrógeno, mientras que Chlorella sp. presentó una máxima concentración celular de 2.6x107 células mL-1 en 14 días de cultivo en unas condiciones de 7.5 pH y 0.1 mg L-1 concentración de nitrógeno. La extracción de aceite intracelular de las microalgas cultivadas bajo las mejores condiciones de crecimiento celular se realizó empleando el método modificado de Bligh & Dyer. Al determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos de los aceites extraídos de ambas microalgas, se encontraron en mayor proporción dos ácidos grasos insaturados: ácido linolénico y ácido oleico. En el aceite de D. salina se encontró una concentración de 51% p/p de ácido linolénico, mientras que para el aceite de Chlorella sp. fue de 39% p/p. Con relación al ácido oleico, el aceite de Chrorella sp. presentó una concentración de 35% p/p, superior al aceite de D. salina, con 25% p/p.
Journal Article
Compositional quality and concentration of omega-3 (alpha-linolenic) and omega-6 (linoleic) fatty acids present in bovine milk from three natural regions of Ecuador
2021
Cow's milk is an important component in human diet and one of its nutritional contributions is the lipid fraction formed by various fatty acids, including linoleic acid (AL) of the omega-6 family and alpha-linolenic acid (AAL) of the omega-3 family, both structural constituents of cell tissue, membranes, and metabolic regulators. Due to its importance, the purpose of this research was to determine the concentration of omega-3 (alpha-linolenic) and omega-6 (linoleic) fatty acids present in bovine milk, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS), establishing a relation between the influence of the region (Costa, Sierra and Amazonía) and the season (rainy and dry), and the concentration of these acids. 30 collection centers were analyzed and collected, according to the LCL-INS-01 protocol. The compositional analysis was carried out under the method ISO 9622-IDF 141/2013 /LCL-PE-01, and the analysis of the lipid profile was made by GC-MS. The results obtained show average concentrations (%) of 2,72 and 0,06 for AL and AAL respectively on the lipid profile. Regarding the region factor, Costa presented 2,07%, Sierra 3,03% and Amazonía 3,06%, showing significant difference (p ≤ 0,01) in AL, while the AAL showed no variation. With reference to the season factor, AL showed 2,63% in the dry season and 3,03% in the rainy season, and AAL 0,14 and 0,06% respectively. The results allowed to conclude that the region factor influences AL concentration but does not influence in AAL, and the season factor is not influential neither on AL nor on AAL concentration.
La leche de vaca es un componente importante en la dieta humana y uno de sus aportes nutricionales es la fracción lipídica formada por diversos ácidos grasos, entre ellos, el ácido linoleico (AL) de familia omega-6 y el ácido alfa-linolénico (AAL) de familia omega-3, ambos constituyentes estructurales de membranas de tejidos celulares y reguladores metabólicos. Por su importancia, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la concentración de ácidos grasos omega-3 (alfa-linolénico) y omega-6 (linoleico) mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), en relación con la influencia de los factores región (Costa, Sierra y Amazonía) y época (lluviosa y seca) sobre la concentración de dichos ácidos. Se trabajó con 30 centros de acopio y se recolectó según el protocolo LCL-INS-01. El análisis composicional se realizó bajo el método ISO 9622-IDF 141/2013 /LCL-PE-01 y el análisis del perfil lipídico mediante GC-MS. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron concentraciones (%) promedio de 2,72 y 0,06 para AL y AAL, respectivamente, en el perfil lipídico. En cuanto al factor región, Costa presentó 2,07%, Sierra 3,03% y Amazonía 3,06%, por lo que se evidenció alta diferencia significativa (p ≤ 0,01) para el AL, mientras que el AAL no mostró variación. En el factor época, el AL presentó 2,63% en época seca y 3,03% en época lluviosa, y el AAL 0,14 y 0,06%, respectivamente. Los resultados permitieron concluir que el factor región influye en la concentración del AL, pero no en el AAL, y el factor época no es influyente en la concentración del AL ni en la del AAL.
Journal Article
Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on post-traumatic stress disorder: prospective cohort study and Mendelian randomisation findings
2026
Omega-3 fatty acids have positive effects on mental health. This study aimed to explore the association between plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
This study explored the association between plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk of developing PTSD. In total, 82,391 adults from the UK Biobank were included in this study. PTSD screening was performed using a PCL-6 score greater than 13, based on responses to the online mental health questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between omega-3 fatty acid levels and the risk of PTSD. Additionally, a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis was used to investigate potential causal relationships.
A significant association was found between high omega-3 fatty acid levels and a lower risk of PTSD. For each 1 unit increase in omega-3 fatty acids, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.75 (
= 9.05E-05); for each 1% increase in total fatty acids, the adjusted OR was 0.95 (
= 4.30E-07). Among the population that has experienced catastrophic traumatic exposure, the results remained consistent. MR analysis indicated that high omega-3 levels and omega-3/total fatty acid ratios were causally linked to a reduced risk of PTSD (per 1 unit increase, OR = 0.99;
= .029; per 1% increase, OR = 0.98;
= .037). Conversely, PTSD was causally associated with lower omega-3 levels (beta = -0.203,
= 2.12E-05) and a lower omega-3/total fatty acids ratio (beta = -0.266,
= 1.52E-07). Subgroup analyses revealed that females might benefit more significantly (OR = 0.64,
= 3.59E-07;
-interaction = .010).
This study suggests a negative association between PTSD and omega-3 fatty acids, indicating that omega-3 supplementation may be an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy for PTSD.
Journal Article
Spent coffee grounds influence on Pleurotus ostreatus production, composition, fatty acid profile, and lignocellulose biodegradation capacity
by
A. Alsanad, Mohammed
,
Abou Fayssal, Sami
,
Sassine, Youssef N.
in
Bioconversion
,
bioconversión
,
Biodegradation
2021
The capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus to degrade the lignocellulose of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and its resultant nutrient composition is not yet studied. The study tested four SCG/wheat straw mixtures, containing 0, 33, 67, or 100% SCG. Initial lignin content was higher, and lignin loss was lower in mixtures containing SCG, compared to control revealing lower substrate degradation. Biological yield was negatively correlated with initial lignin content, and positively with the lignin loss from substrates. The nutritional value of mushrooms was improved by a general increase in carbohydrates, a decrease in sodium content with 33% and 67% SCG, and lower fat content with 33% SCG. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of mushrooms (PUFA) increased with 67% SCG; while saturated ones (SFA) increased with 33 and 67% SCG. All mushrooms had a close PUFA/SFA, ranging between 7.4 and 8.1. The study suggests using SCG as a nutritional supplement to the commercial wheat straw.
Journal Article
Contenido de ácidos grasos saturados y trans en materias primas grasas empleadas en algunas panaderías de Medellín
by
Zapata Arroyave, Paola C
,
Gómez Ramírez, Briana Davahiva
,
Alimentación y Nutrición Humana
in
Bakeries
,
Chromatography
,
cromatografía de gases
2018
RESUMEN: Estudios previos reportan la presencia de grasas saturadas y grasas trans en productos de panadería, relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, se desconoce la procedencia y calidad de las materias primas grasas utilizadas por los panaderos en Medellín. Objetivo: caracterizar las materias primas grasas utilizadas para la preparación de productos de panadería. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, de tipo exploratorio, con 24 muestras. Por cada muestra se realizó una encuesta a los panaderos para evaluar la calidad de las grasas y un análisis por cromatografía de gases para cuantificar 17 grasas saturadas y grasas trans. Resultados: el promedio de grasas trans en las materias primas grasas fue de 0,46 g en 100 g, mientras la normatividad permite 5 g en 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); el 42,1 % del contenido graso proviene de grasas saturadas; y algunas materias primas grasas no cumplen con la normatividad vigente para el etiquetado de alimentos envasados, pues no tienen rotulado nutricional. Conclusiones: en ninguna de las 24 materias primas grasas evaluadas cromatográficamente se cuantificó un contenido de grasas trans superior a lo permitido por la Resolución 2508, lo cual evidencia el esfuerzo de la industria de alimentos. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia del etiquetado para asegurar su cumplimiento.
Journal Article
Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids
by
Horn Anna Frisenfeldt
,
Nielsen Nina Skall
,
Sørensen Ann-Dorit Moltke
in
Essential fatty acids in human nutrition
,
Food additives
,
Food Science
2013
Omega-3 fatty acids provide many health benefits, from reducing cardiovascular disease to improving mental health, and consumer interest in foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids is increasing. Formulating a product enriched with these fatty acids that is stable and has an acceptable flavour is challenging. This book provides an overview of key topics in this area. Part one, an introductory section, reviews sources of omega-3 fatty acids and their health benefits. Part two explore the stabilisation of both fish oil itself and foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Part three focuses on the fortification of different types of foods and beverages with omega-3 fatty acids, including meat products, by the modification of animal diets and other methods, infant formula and baked goods. Finally, part four highlights new directions in the field and discusses algal oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids and labelling and claims in foods containing omega-3 fatty acids.
Stress adaptation and cross-protection of Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0628
2021
Various stresses are commonly encountered by probiotics in their ecological niches. Effects of adaptation treatments on the heat tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0628 were evaluated. Cells pre-adapted to heat, cold, oxidative, acid, bile salt, and osmotic stresses were evaluated for tolerance and cross-protection against subsequent challenge. Except for cold, pre-adaptation to sublethal levels of stress significantly improved the cell viability after heat challenge compared to the control. Heat-adapted cells showed the highest heat stress tolerance, with their tolerance factor against heat challenge reaching 31.38-fold after pre-adaptation at 45°C for 1 h. Moreover, adaptation treatments improved tolerance to the same stress and evoked cross-protection against heterologous challenges, inducing a significantly lower ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid content in the cell membrane of L. plantarum KLDS 1.0628. The results indicated that adaptation treatments are potential strategies for enhancing the survival rate of probiotics and exerting their functional properties.
Journal Article
Stability of fried olive and sunflower oils enriched with Thymbra capitata essential oil
by
Antunes, M.D., University of Algarve, Faro (Portugal). Dept. of Biology and Bioengineering
,
Barroso, J.G, University of Lisbon (Portugal). Plant Biology Dept
,
Rohaim, A., University of Algarve, Faro (Portugal). Dept. of Biology and Bioengineering
in
ACEITE DE GIRASOL
,
ACEITE DE OLIVA
,
ACEITES VEGETALES
2014
The stability of olive and sunflower oils for domestic uses after frying cow steak or only heating were evaluated in the presence or absence of the carvacrol-rich essential oil of Thymbra capitata. The treatments consisted of sunflower and olive oils either enriched with 200 mg/l of T. capitata oil or without it, heating at 180 deg C for 20 min, or frying 100 g cow steak at the same temperature and for the same period of time. In all assays, acid, peroxide, and p-anisidine values were followed over time. The fatty acid profile was estimated before heating or frying as well as at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the type of fat as well as the type of treatment (frying or heating) was determinant for the acid, peroxide, and p-anisidine values found. The presence of the essential oil also demonstrated to affect those values depending on the type of the oil as well as on the type of the treatment (frying or heating). In contrast, the fatty acid profile did not change greatly.
Journal Article