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This study aims to investigate the relationship between financial inclusion indicators (number of branches, number of ATMs, deposits for small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), SMEs for loans, credit card, on the strategic success of Jordanian commercial banks, to achieve this, firstly we distributed questionnaires to 102 responsible employees in 7 Jordanian commercial banks for measuring the strategic success of banks, secondly we used the financial reports of banks from 2018 to 2019 to measure financial inclusion indicators. The study found a relationship between the strategic success of Jordanian banks on the one hand and the number of branches and deposits for SMEs, combined on the other. The study also found that there is no relationship between the strategic success of Jordanian banks on the one hand, and between: the number of ATMs and loans for SMEs and credit cards, combined on the other hand.

This paper provides an in-depth study of credit card markets from a Sharia perspective, focusing on the challenges of aligning this financial instrument with Islamic principles. The author explains the growing importance of credit cards in modern economies as a primary means of payment, consumption, and short-term borrowing, but highlights the inherent Sharia concerns due to their reliance on interest charges and financing fees. The study examines the economic effects of widespread credit card use, noting that while they enhance liquidity and stimulate consumer spending, they also encourage debt accumulation and impose financial burdens on individuals, contradicting the Sharia objective of preventing harm and exploitation. It further stresses that profits for issuing institutions are predominantly derived from interest and debt-related charges, rendering conventional credit cards incompatible with the prohibition of riba. The paper discusses potential alternatives, such as debit cards linked to current accounts, cards structured on kafalah or murabaha contracts, and prepaid cards that allow users to benefit from technological convenience without incurring Sharia violations. The author emphasizes that the key challenge is reconciling consumer needs with religious compliance through innovative financial products that balance efficiency and ethics. Ultimately, the paper concludes that credit card markets can expand in Islamic economies if products are redesigned to eliminate riba and adopt service- and transparency-based models, thereby making them safe, beneficial, and socially responsible tools. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

لقد ازدادت أهمية الشمول المالي في الآونة الأخيرة حيث شهدت الكثير من الأدلة إلى مساهمته الفعالة ودوره الحاسم في تحقيق الاستقرار الاقتصادي من خلال تحسين الناتج المحلي الإجمالي باعتباره المؤشر الرئيسي الذي يمثل الاستقرار والذي بدوره يؤدي إلى خلق فرص العمل ونقل التكنولوجيا الحديثة مما يؤدي إلى تحفيز الاقتصاد ومن ثم الاستقرار. ويهدف البحث إلى بيان أهمية وتأثير الشمول المالي على الاستقرار الاقتصادي في العراق. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن عدد أجهزة الصراف الآلي كمتغير مستقل استطاع إثبات تأثيره على مؤشر الناتج المحلي الإجمالي أي عندما يزيد عدد أجهزة الصراف الآلي بمقدار وحدة واحدة فإن الناتج المحلي الإجمالي يزداد بنسبة 32% من الوحدة أي هناك استقرار اقتصادي. وفيما يتعلق بعدد فروع المصارف لكل (100) ألف كمتغير فقد استطاع إثبات تأثيره على مؤشر الناتج المحلي الإجمالي أي عندما يزيد عدد فروع المصارف لكل (100) ألف بمقدار وحدة واحدة فإن الناتج المحلي الإجمالي يزداد بنسبة 6.9% من الوحدة أي هناك استقرار اقتصادي. وتوصي الدراسة بالعمل على تحسين مؤشرات الشمول المالي لتحسين الاقتصادات المحلية، والتركيز على مؤشرات الشمول المالي لزيادة الناتج المحلي الإجمالي ومن ثم تحقيق الاستقرار الاقتصادي، وتخفيض معدلات التضخم التي تؤثر على الاستقرار الاقتصادي من خلال تحسين مؤشرات الشمول المالي، والتركيز على أجهزة الصراف الآلي التي تعمل على تحسين ميزان المدفوعات وبالتالي تحقيق الاستقرار.

This paper examines contemporary issues surrounding credit cards from both economic and Sharia perspectives, highlighting the challenges posed by their rapid global expansion. The author stresses that while credit cards significantly improve transaction efficiency and provide consumers with flexible access to credit, they also create serious economic risks, including debt accumulation, overconsumption, and higher rates of financial default. From a Sharia standpoint, the study identifies the interest charged on late payments as a clear form of riba and additional penalty fees as exploitative practices that contradict Islamic principles of justice and fairness. It further critiques the reliance of issuing institutions on these charges as their main source of profit, which renders conventional credit card systems incompatible with Sharia requirements. The paper suggests possible alternatives that reconcile efficiency with compliance, such as prepaid cards, debit cards linked to current accounts, or products structured around Islamic contracts like murabaha and kafalah. It argues that the key challenge lies in designing financial instruments that meet modern consumer needs without encouraging harmful indebtedness. Ultimately, the study concludes that credit cards are not inherently impermissible, but their conventional structures require significant reform. With appropriate Sharia-compliant models, they can become instruments that support both economic stability and social welfare. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

This paper presents an economic and Sharia analysis of credit cards, seeking to clarify what this instrument can legitimately offer and where it raises concerns. The author begins by discussing the economic functions of credit cards, highlighting their role in facilitating transactions, providing immediate liquidity, and enhancing market efficiency, while also cautioning against their tendency to promote excessive consumption and debt accumulation. The study then addresses the Sharia aspects, stressing that interest charged on outstanding balances constitutes riba, which is explicitly prohibited, while penalty fees and additional financing charges amount to exploitative practices. It notes that issuing banks rely heavily on such fees for profitability, creating a fundamental conflict between market practices and religious compliance. The paper suggests alternative models, such as fixed service charges unrelated to debt levels, prepaid card systems, or current account-linked debit cards to ensure direct settlement. It further explores the socio-economic impact of credit card use, pointing out risks of personal debt crises and household financial stress if cards are misused. Ultimately, the research concludes that credit cards are not inherently impermissible, but their conventional design and profit mechanisms render them problematic. With innovative Islamic alternatives and Sharia-compliant structures, they can become valuable tools that enhance economic activity while safeguarding ethical and religious principles. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

This paper analyzes contemporary issues surrounding credit cards from both economic and Sharia perspectives, highlighting the challenges posed by their growing global use. The author acknowledges the significant benefits of credit cards, including facilitating transactions, enhancing purchasing power, and providing immediate liquidity to consumers, but stresses the associated risks of debt accumulation and interest charges on delayed payments. Such interest is identified as a form of riba, rendering conventional credit card systems incompatible with Islamic principles. The study further explains that banks and issuing institutions rely heavily on interest income, which not only raises Sharia concerns but also creates economic imbalances by increasing consumer debt burdens. The paper discusses attempts to reconcile market needs with Islamic requirements through alternative designs, such as cards based on fixed service charges, prepaid accounts, or contracts like murabaha and kafalah. It also addresses social consequences, warning that credit card proliferation can encourage imprudent consumption and exacerbate household financial distress. Ultimately, the research concludes that the key challenge lies in developing practical solutions that balance modern economic demands with the prohibition of riba, and that innovative Islamic alternatives are essential to ensure fairness, consumer protection, and the integrity of financial systems. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

This study aims at showing the effect of the electronic government indices on strengthening the financial inclusion. In so doing, we study the effect of the independent variable (electronic government) with its dimensions (the online service OSI, the telecommunication infrastructure index TII, and the human capital index HCI) on the independent variable (the financial inclusion) with its variables (the growth of the commercial banks branches GrCBB and the growth of the automatic teller machines GrATMs) during 2005- 2022. The study uses the analytical descriptive method and ARDL model according to Eviews 10 to test the hypotheses. Findings of the statistical analysis and of hypotheses testing show a positive significant effect for the TII and HCI on GrCBB, and no significant effect for OSI during the study period. Besides, TII and HCI have a positive significant effect on GrATMs. Moreover, there is a negative significant effect for OSI on GrATMs during the study period. In the end, the study recommends boosting the use of the online services, encouraging the private companies to develop innovative digital financial services and applications, and facilitating partnerships between the government and technological companies to support the technical development.

This paper reviews a book that explores the relationship between Islamic banking and financial crises through three main themes: reputation, stability, and risk. The review highlights the book's analysis of Islamic banks' performance during the 2008 global financial crisis, noting that they showed relative resilience compared to conventional banks due to their strong linkage with the real economy and avoidance of high-risk speculative instruments. It emphasizes that Islamic banks leveraged their Sharia-based reputation to reinforce customer and investor trust, with compliance serving as an ethical guarantee promoting transparency and fairness. The study also explains that Islamic financial instruments such as musharakah, mudarabah, and ijarah contributed to reducing systemic exposure, though challenges remained in applying these contracts within diverse regulatory environments. On the risk side, the review points out that Islamic banks are not immune to crises, as they continue to face issues related to liquidity shortages, limited diversification, and heavy reliance on murabaha contracts, which expose them to vulnerabilities similar to those of conventional banks. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the book makes a valuable contribution to understanding how Islamic banking interacts with financial crises, highlighting both the opportunities it offers for greater stability and the risks that could undermine its reputation if robust risk management mechanisms are not developed. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

This paper provides an in-depth examination of credit cards within an Islamic framework, assessing their compliance with Sharia principles and exploring possible adaptations to fit within Islamic financial systems. The study begins by outlining the nature and function of conventional credit cards, which enable deferred payments and thus raise issues related to the imposition of interest on outstanding balances-an element prohibited as riba under Islamic law. It explains how issuing banks profit from fees and interest charges, making conventional models incompatible with Sharia requirements. The author then considers alternative structures that could render credit cards acceptable, such as fixed service charges unrelated to debt amounts or linking cards to deposit accounts to ensure immediate settlement without interest accrual. The paper also addresses broader socio-economic implications, arguing that credit cards often encourage excessive consumption and unproductive debt, thereby undermining household and community financial stability. It proposes the design of Islamic credit cards based on Sharia-compliant contracts such as kafalah (guarantee), murabaha (cost-plus sale), or prepaid mechanisms, which would align modern consumer needs with Islamic ethical requirements. The research highlights the challenge of balancing practical functionality with strict adherence to Sharia, stressing that the key lies in eliminating interest-based gains while maintaining profitability through legitimate service charges. Ultimately, it concludes that credit cards, though not inherently impermissible, require significant restructuring to conform with Islamic principles, ensuring fairness, transparency, and protection against financial harm. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

إن كل التطورات التكنولوجية والمعلوماتية في المجال المصرفي والمسماة بالصيرفة الإلكترونية، تثير اهتمام الكثير من الاقتصاديين ومسؤولي السلطات النقدية والمصرفية داخل الاتحاد الأوروبي، حيث بدأ البنك المركزي الأوروبي مناقشة هذا الموضوع من تأسيسه سنة 1998، ولا يزال يعطي أهمية لهذا الموضوع من تأسيسه سنة 1998، ولا يزال يعطى أهمية لهذا الموضوع من خلال إصدار عدة أوامر لضبط وحصر التوسع النقدي في ظل الصيرفي الإلكترونية.ntوبالنظر إلى فرنسا والتي تعتبر من أهم الدول الصناعية الرائدة في تحديث وتطوير المنظومة المصرفية، نجد أنها توجه إتماما كبيرا ومتواصلا لوسائل الصيرفة الإلكترونية، والتي تعد فيها البطاقات البنكية الأولى من نوعها من حيث حجم الاستخدام. وهذا راجع لما تتمتع به المنظومة المصرفية الفرنسية من بنية تحتية قوية لإدخال تكنولوجيا الاتصال والمعلومات، وإلى وجود ثقافة مصرفية قوية لدى جمهورها، الشيء الذي ساعد كثيرا في نجاح انتشار خدمات الصيرفة الإلكترونية فيها، بالإضافة إلى الاهتمام الكبير من قبل السلطات المصرفية الفرنسية والتي تتخذ السلطات النقدية للاتحاد الأوروبي نموذجا لها، ببناء قاعدة قانونية وتشريعية خاصة بالصيرفة الإلكترونية بهدف التحكم في آثارها سواء السلبية أو الإيجابية.