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This study aimed to measure the effect of the explanatory factors represented in climatic factors, credit loan, land ownership on the technical inefficiency of cow's milk production for the 16 municipalities of Saida region, using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis SFA method during the periode (2015-2020); The results showed that The statistically significant relative deviation of production from the border level due to inefficiency was (0.46), which means that 46% of the deviations are due to inefficiency and 54% are due to measurement errors or to random factors.

This research aim to marketing margin account of one kg milk cows to the province of Baghdad district of Abu Ghraib. Collected a sample of (146) producer cow’s milk, (15) broker (milk collector's) and (21) retailer, random sample selection manner. The average marketing margin of one kg milk cows was about 400 dinars \\ kg, marketing margin retailer and broker were about (250,150) dinar\\ kg respectively, marketing costs of the retailer and broker have amounted to (81.42, 22.02) dinar \\ kg. Retailer and broker profits amounted to about (168.58, 127.98) dinar \\ kg. Dinar per consumer paid all of the producer , retailer and broker was amounted to (46.7, 33.3, 20.0)%, respectively. That causing the decline in broker profits compared to the retailer caused by costs and losses spoiled milk, To the total marketing costs Which caculated for approximately (31%). The results were recommended to using the transfer of milk packed tightly and refrigerated, reduce waste.

Hydatid Cysts were obtained from liver, lungs, spleen, heart, and peritoneal cavity of 15 cows, from different Iraqi regions between December 2014 and October 2015. Hydatid cysts (protoscoleces) were used for mitochondrial DNA extraction by using mechanical grinder, and the purification of mtDNA was done by (promega kit, USA). \"The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene\" was used as target for \"polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\" which successfully amplified the targeted this gene with 450 bp. The PCR products were purified and partial sequences were determine. The obtained sequences were aligned with the corresponding region of co1 gene in the Gene Bank nucleotide database to confirm the infection with hydatid cyst sheep strain (G1) in Iraq. The amplified CO1 targeted region was analyzed to obtain the phylogenetic tree. G1 genotype was the most common strain and the actual source of infection of Iraqi's cattle. All of 15 samples were G1 strain (sheep strain) according to the partial sequences of (CO1) genes.

This research was carried out on 51 local raised in three local cow herds in Erbil plain, for the period from 2016 to 2017. To estimate the most probable producing ability (MPPA) of cows and to study the effect of non-genetic factors affecting on daily milk production (DMP) and to estimate the repeatability for (DMP). The most probable producing ability (MPPA) of local cows was calculated by using the test day records and then the animals were ranked based on their MPPA values. Cow number 1237 inquired the highest value of MPPA (16.91 kg) for DMP among all tested cows in the three flocks. The overall mean for the (DMP) was 11.85 kg. The results of current study revealed that the effect of flock, parity, season of calving, services per conception and dry period length (days) had a significant effect (p<0.05) on (DMP).Repeatability estimates was (0.40).Knowledge of the (MPPA) values of cows helps in the conduct of selection programs through the application of the method of culling and replacement of cows

The objective of this study was to predict the milk yield and its constituents of first parity-ten Holstein cows through lactoferrin concentration in colostrum and milk. The study was executed at Al-Nasr Dairy Cattle Station, at Essaouira (50 km south of Baghdad) during the period from 15/1/2013 to 1/4/2013. The lactoferrin concentration in colostrum and milk, milk constituents and the minerals concentration were measured. The lactoferrin concentration in colostrum was 732.78+ 28.03mg/L, which was higher than its concentration in milk (541.11+ 19.20 mg/L). Milk constituents (fat, protein and lactose) and some minerals (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) were greater in colostrum than in milk. The regression of daily and monthly milk yield on lactoferrin concentration in colostrum was positive and highly significant (P<0.01), while the regression of these characters on lactoferrin concentration in colostrum was positive and significant (P<0.05). Result revealed that the regression of minerals (calcium and magnesium) on lactoferrin in colostrum was positive and highly significant (P<0.01). Moreover, the regression of phosphorus and iron in colostrum was negative and significant (P<0.05). The regression relationship of amino acids (essential and non-essential) on lactoferrin in colostrum was varied between positive and negative and some of them was significant. In conclusion, it is possible to predict the milk yield and its constituents of Holstein cows through lactoferrin concentrations either in milk of colostrum for selection purposes.

يعد هذا البحث أحد الدراسات الجغرافية التي تبحث في مجال المناخ التطبيقي (المناخ الزراعي) حيث تهدف هذه الدراسة الكشف عن تأثير عناصر المناخ في بعض الأمراض التي تصيب والأبقار والجاموس في محافظة القادسية، وقد جاءت الدراسة لأثبات صحة الفرضية بان للخصائص المناخية في محافظة القادسية علاقة وثيقة في إصابة الأبقار والجاموس بالأمراض المختلفة، وقد تم اعتماد البيانات المناخية للمحافظة للعام 2015 مع العمل الميداني وما تم جمعه من بيانات عن الأمراض التي تصيب الأبقار والجاموس، إذ ركز البحث على العناصر المناخية مثل درجة الحرارة والرطوبة النسيبة والأمطار والرياح والإشعاع الشمسي والظواهر الغبارية لعلاقتها الوثيقة بأمراض الأبقار والجاموس. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج أهمها قوة واتجاها لارتباط (بشكل طردي أو عكسي وبدرجات متفاوتة) بين الإصابة بعدد من الأمراض التي تصيب والأبقار والجاموس قيد الدراسة وعناصر المناخ بفصول معينة من السنة وحسب تسجيل البيانات عن طريق الاستبيان أو المستشفى ومن أجل بيان هذه العلاقة كانت من أهم نتائج الدراسة أن التغيرات الفصلية لأحوال الطقس يرافقها تغيرات فصلية لانتشار الأمراض عن طريق توفير البيئة المناخية لاندلاع الوباء.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using alcoholic extract of yangadnia leaves on some bacterial strain Salmonella typhimiurum, E.coli and staphylococcus aures in 200, 100, 50 and 25 mg / ml concentration using digging method. Minced cow meat 200 mg/ml was mixed with yangdina extract and stored for 0,2,4 day at 4 C and tested for chemical and biological characteristics. The ruselts showed that the best concetration of inhibition was 200mg/ml and the inhibition zone diameters were 26, 19, 15 mm for S. aures, S. typhimiurm and E .coli respectively. In respect to Effect of extract in minced cow the ruselts showed drop in values of, thiobarbituric acid (TBA),total violate nitrogen (TVN), total number account of bactria and count of psycrotrophic bactria and effect on PH values. It can be concluded that yangdina leaves extract has inhibitory effect on bacterial strain and best concetration 200mg / ml. Mixing meat with extract improved the storage life at 4c for 4 day.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد الأخطار الحرارية على تربية الأبقار في وادي النيل ودلتاه من خلال \" دراسة في المناخ التطبيقي\". واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الإقليمي والموضوعي. وتمثلت منطقة الدراسة في محافظات الوادي والدلتا، حيث التباين المكاني في قيم درجة الحرارة، مما ينعكس على تعدد أنواع ودرجات التأثير الحراري على الأبقار، وذلك لتركز الأبقار في تلك المحافظات. واعتمدت الدراسة على البيانات المناخية لمحطات الأرصاد الجوية التي تغطي محافظات الوادي والدلتا، بالإضافة إلى الدراسة الميدانية. واشتملت الدراسة على سبعة أجزاء، منها، التوزيع الجغرافي لأعداد الأبقار في مصر، وأثر الحرارة على الأبقار في وادي النيل ودلتاه، والأخطار الحرارية على الأبقار في وادي النيل ودلتاه، والتباين الزمنى والمكاني للحدود الحرارية الخطرة على تربية الأبقار في وادي النيل ودلتاه، ومنطقة الدراسة تبعاً لدرجة تعرض الأبقار للأخطار الحرارية. وجاءت نتائج الدراسة مؤكدة على أن درجات الحرارة المثلى لتربية الأبقار في وادي النيل ودلتاه تتراوح بين (10-20) درجة مئوية، وتنشط عملية التنظيم الحراري في درجة حرارة تتراوح بين (20-25) درجة مئوية. كما توصلت النتائج إلى أن التأثير السلبي لدرجة الحرارة على الأبقار يبدأ عندما ترتفع درجة الحرارة عن (25) درجة مئوية. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة زيادة نسبة الخلط بين الأبقار المحلية والأجنبية لرفع قدرتها على تحمل الظروف الحرارية السائدة، بالإضافة إلى ضمان الحصول على إنتاجية كبيرة من اللحوم. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قِبل دار المنظومة 2018