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Louise Erdrich is one of the prominent writers in contemporary American literature. She devotes her oeuvre to promote her indigenous Americans' culture, advocate their rights and speak out how they are still suffering in the reservations made by the Federal government. In The Round House, Erdrich attracts attention to the short comings of the Federal legal system which unfortunately has some loophole allowing non-indigenous perpetrators to commit crimes with impunity. She illustrates how such criminal acts aggravate the native community's- particularly women's- sense of insecurity and deepen their intergenerational trauma. The article will discuss the different traumas resulting from the sexual assault Geraldine Coutts goes through at the hands of white racist, Lark. It will also identify and explain the psychological consequences on the raped wife, Geraldine, Bazil Coutts, her husband, and Joe, their son. It will probe into each one's reaction to their traumas: the wife's PTSD, Bazil's resilient response and Joe's violent response. It will further explain how the son's revengeful act helps the whole family to restore peace according to Indigenous worldview. Psychological and social trauma theories, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the indigenous philosophy of justice will function as theoretical basis for the interdisciplinary analysis in the article.

This paper deals with Frank Higgins' alternate history play The True Death of Socrates (2013) in terms of history. Higgins poses a hypothetical question to test \"What-if\" the historical course of Socrates' execution in 399 B.C. turned out differently and Socrates escaped death. It will be interesting to investigate how Higgins' philosophical farce integrates history with alternate history, and, how, at a certain point, the incidents deviate from reality. The question the research raises is how Higgins formulated an alternate history for real history to discuss the hypothesis of 'what-if' Socrates as a moral philosopher does not behave with dignity in the moral sense. This paper seeks to show how the Alternate History approach that is introduced in Gavriel D. Rosenfeld's The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism (2005) and Kathleen Singles' Alternate History: Playing with Contingency and Necessity. (2013) as a deviation from the actual narrative of history, corresponds to Frank Higgins' approach to his farcical play The True Death of Socrates. The study has two primary goals: on the one hand, it investigates the term Alternate History as a key concept presented by Gavriel D. Rosenfeld and Kathleen Singles. On the other hand, it attempts to delineate the features of alternate history through employing such features in Higgins' play.

This paper puts into practice the idea of multiple interpretations of a literary text. It takes as an example Ernest Hemingway's short story \"Cat in the Rain\" by looking first at the text in and of itself, by looking at the text as a complete unit. Yet another interpretation transpires when the text is placed into its historical and cultural context, by reading it in relation to the collection of stories (In Our Time) it was published with, and by comparing it to some of the works published by Hemingway. Although many scholars have seen the marital relationship in \"Cat in the Rain\", perhaps symbolizing the disintegration of Hemingway's own marriage, as the main focus of the story, this paper argues that the resulted psychological trauma of the Great War, in its impact on human relationships, is the central idea \"Cat in the Rain\". This paper argues that this contextual interpretation proves in a sense that this short story is but a conduit through which the cultural disillusionment of the time speaks.

Ever since the 1970s Asian American literature emerged to tackle issues of Western racism against Asians, the importance of preserving the Asian ethnic heritage, and chiefly constructing a definite sense of identity based on self-definition. Celebrating the ethnic self and its nationality and language of origin as well as its traditional values from root culture are the most essential aspects that formed Asian American literature. Asian American writers came to be known for being a vital voice of justice for the marginalized members of their community who strive to preserve their culture in the face of ethnic segregation. However, John Yau (1950-), a prominent contemporary Chinese American poet, goes beyond self identified poetic writings of the ethnic self, challenging the cultural stereotypical molds of the American mainstream that encapsulated the Asian American identity. Instead of promoting the preservation one's ethnic and cultural indentity, Yau evokes an unsettling image of fluid 'Otherness' that does not yield to prescribed representations. The purpose of this paper is to examine Yau's poetic vision of otherness and its significance by exploring a selection of his poems, mainly \"Ing Grish,\" arguing for an anti-essentialist notion of constructing the Asian American identity that is not based on one's culture of origin. Tackling the poet's unorthodox presentation of the ethnic self of Chinese Americans, the paper also emphasizes that within the fluid culture of contemporary America, the Asian American identity is necessarily unsettling, but liberated from rigid predicate identities and cultural classifications.

This paper investigates an important area in postcolonial studies. It analyzes American politics reflected in both its foreign policies and in literature as a new trend that may be called \"American Occidentalism\". The United States replaces Europe and any other power as the sole agent capable of interfering in global affairs. And in this very sense, it becomes the representative of the Occident. All these claims bring salient consequences and threads. Prominent scholars recognize the decisive American role in Occidentalism; they try to highlight the U.S. position in introducing and presenting itself as the representative of Occidental world. In order to investigate all this and probe its characteristics, the paper is going to start with some pioneers who articulate and indicate to this American Occidental phenomenon. Edward Said, Avram Noam Chomsky and others are going to be read accordingly.

Toni Morrison dealt pervasively and sequentially with the traumatized experience of abused children in her fictional canon. Morrison, an Afro-American writer opted for the adoption of postmodern narrative techniques in order to overcome the quandary of being a black writer whose primary narratee belongs to the mainstream white American culture. This paper aims at investigating Morrison's schematic narrative technique in remembering, revealing and eventually healing the traumatic history of abused African American children in her last novel God Help the Child (2014). The paper hypothesizes that Morrison adopts a postmodernist authorial stance in the composition of God Help the Child depending mainly on the dialogical polyphonic consonance of the heterodiegetic and homodiegetic narrative voices of the main and minor characters in this novel. Moreover, the hypothesis of the paper is based on the presumption that Morrison's narrative schema is traceable to the psychoanalytic theory that the course of psychological recovery of the traumatized victims of child abuse is preconditioned by rendering full catharsis of trauma by means of narration.

Despite the prevalence of ecofeminist undercurrents in Of Mice and Men, relatively few critics have sought to trace this aspect. Indeed, the novella does not explicitly address ecofeminism. Nevertheless, an in-depth analysis of it shows that certain elements invite an ecofeminist interpretation. The narrative tackles, among other things, some issues with ecofeminist dimensions, such as women's inequality, the rights of minorities, animal rights, and land degradation. The community depicted in the narrative is a patriarchal society, which is driven by its tendency against dualistic thinking, which imposes barriers between things seeming and opposites, such as male/female, civilization/nature, human/animal. Such dualism or binary opposition fosters the idea that one is the master and the second is the servile \"Other.\" Curley's unnamed wife is the only female character in the novella, which signifies how women were defined by their relationship with men rather than as independent individuals. Another character is Crooks, the stable black man who is always subjected to entrenched racism and prejudice due to his color. As for the weak and vulnerable, they are also marginalized and shunned in the patriarchal system depicted in the book. Despite its wonder and awe, nature is depicted as harsh and unforgiving toward humans' exploitative stances.

The status of women has been witnessing dramatic changes throughout the history of Europe and America. These changes have not taken the same form or directions, they rather differ from one place and another and from one culture to another. As for America, the concentration of this study is basically upon the status of Afro-American women. The present study aims at explicating how African-American women are identified through the use of proverbs. Women proverbs are commonly used by men, however, women themselves make use of these proverbs as well. The study investigates women representation through African-American proverbs. For this, it starts with introducing different accounts given for defining proverbs, their uses, characteristics and functions. A brief account of the African - American variety is then presented in order to help understanding the analyzed proverbs as they are used in their actual context. Dell Hymes' model (1974) is adopted as a viable sociolinguistic framework for analyzing some representative selected African American.

Recent scholarship on literary minimalism reflects a renewed interest in a mode of writing which many (prematurely) declared as bygone. Although such a literary legacy began, in earnest, with the short stories of Hemingway, it is mostly tied to the 1980s short fiction. Its current resurgence in some contemporary works indicates a yet unexplored diversity and expansiveness underlying the ostensible terseness and incompleteness of minimalist texts. Hence, the present essay revisits a century-long tradition in order to explore its tides and ebbs. Particularly, it highlights how minimalist tendencies areadapted in different contexts (historical, social and cultural) for different aesthetic purposes. Veracity, trueness and simplicity are the enduring principles through which minimalism's changing face remains recognizable.

Jeanine Cummins's novel \"American Dirt\" portrays a contemporary feminist dystopia in Mexico under siege. The book follows the story of a mother and her son fleeing cartel violence in Acapulco and making their way north to the United States. The novel's portrayal of Mexico as a violent, lawless country where women are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation has been criticized by some as perpetuating harmful stereotypes. This research examines the ways in which \"American Dirt\" presents a dystopian vision of Mexico through a feminist lens. Drawing on feminist theory and dystopian literature, the paper argues that the novel's portrayal of Mexico as a dangerous and oppressive place for women reflects broader systemic issues of misogyny and violence against women in Mexican society. Furthermore, this research explores the ways in which \"American Dirt\" challenges traditional notions of the dystopian genre, which often focus on imagined futures rather than present-day realities. The paper argues that the novel's portrayal of Mexico as a contemporary feminist dystopia offers a powerful critique of the current political and social climate in the country. The paper also analyzes the controversy surrounding the novel's publication, particularly the criticism of Cummins's decision to write about Mexican characters and culture as a non-Mexican author. The research explores the ways in which this controversy reflects larger debates about cultural appropriation and the representation of marginalized groups in literature. Ultimately, this research argues that \"American Dirt\" offers a compelling critique of the systemic violence and oppression faced by women in Mexico, while also highlighting the complexities and challenges of representing the experiences of marginalized groups in literature.