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"الأراضي"
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Mechanisms for Clearing Private Real Estate Ownership between Legislation and Judiciary
The legislator aimed to address colonial-era issues by establishing an integrated real estate system to ensure stability in transactions. This led to adopting a property-based registration system, replacing the flawed personal registration method. Comprehensive land surveys were initiated to accurately identify property ownership, resulting in detailed listing and issuance of property registers. Due to slow land surveying, alternative mechanisms were introduced to expedite property deeds, such as the \"Act of Fame,\" which was abolished in 2007 due to its complications and impact on public and waqf properties. It was replaced by real estate investigations, and the Land Orientation Law introduced the certificate of possession. These mechanisms share common conditions: non-application in surveyed areas and protection of public, waqf, and tribal lands. However, they remain insufficient, highlighting the need for more effective tools to support land surveys and property cleansing. The judiciary is also urged to unify its stance and align with the legislator's objectives.
Journal Article
Unplanned Urbanization and Agricultural Land Degradation in Baghdad City from 2003 to 2017
Several problems have emerged as a result of urban expansion or the connection of urban areas with rural areas. This process has led to the urbanization of rural areas, and to have overlapping edges and margins of areas, which were outside the basic design of the city. Accordingly, the present research assumes that the accelerating growth of Baghdad population has contributed significantly to the process of unplanned urbanization. Thus, the study aims to examine the factors that have led to an increase of urban sprawl at the expense of the agricultural land. The study has thus adopted the descriptive, analytical, and historical approaches relying on the simple linear regression method to predict the phenomenon of urban expansion and its impact on the agricultural land. It has also included illustrative maps used in the preparation of geographic information technology (GIS). The study has concluded that the events of Iraq after 2003, the absence of legal rules, weak legislation, and the successive large immigrations from the countryside to the city have all led directly to a great increase in the process of housing expansion at the expense of agricultural lands. The research recommended the necessity of finding final solutions to the problem of encroachment on agricultural lands, establishing new and low-cost urban housing with full facilities and services, simplifying the procedures of building licensing, and reducing fees.
Journal Article
Climate Change Projection for Aridity Index in the State of Kuwait from 1992-2020
Objective: This paper mainly focusses on the recent aridity indices from 1992 to 2020, future projections of annual precipitation and temperature as well future projections for the aridity indices under different scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) The RCPs include a stringent mitigation scenario (RCP2.6), two intermediate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP6.0) and one scenario with very high GHG emissions (RCP8.5). Methods: Statistical and Mathematical approaches used to investigate the aridity trend to track changes in the past, recent and future values such as the De Martonne, The Pinna Combinative, and Erinc Index. Result: The analysis results have shown that warming is prominent and indicate a notable warming in future under all scenarios with increase 0.69℃ to 4.66 ℃ during summer and 0.10 to 3.36℃ throughout winter as well, presented decrease in precipitation from November to December by - 6.8% and increases by 19 to 25% from January to April along with no detected changes in aridity indicators. Conclusion: Climate change is expected to have a profound impact on the State of Kuwait. With the significant rise in temperature and decrease in precipitation due to climate change, the frequency of dust storms, water demand will increase, and energy consumption will increase.
Journal Article