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The present work offers insights into lexical aspects of this emerging variety to systematically look into neologisms in Kuwaiti English (KE) using corpus linguistics methods and techniques. Such research results in a deeper understanding of lexical development, productivity, and creativity in the variety under scrutiny, as well as how reciprocal lexical influences develop within a variety (Anesa 3). The study focuses on a written corpus of 337,102 words to see whether or not written English-language texts in Kuwait can provide sufficient data worthy of further exploration. The current project in broad strokes focuses on (i) local neologisms and (ii) L2 neologisms. To flesh out the latter, namely suffixation, compounding, and borrowing, a predetermined list, wildcards, and corpus query language (CQL) were used. For the former, keyness analysis was used, and it was found that this technique provided more insight into indigenous words than suffixation, compounding, predetermined lists, wildcards, and CQL, all of which did not reveal sufficient evidence of neologisms in KE. Overall, keyness analysis was the most successful method in uncovering neologisms in the corpus. As the data indicate, the most productive features of KE seem to be those that are related to culture or religion. It could identify words that were not detected by the other methods. Moreover, more research should be done on more types of neologisms, such as blends, in order to obtain a better understanding of the use of English in Kuwait. According to the study, neologisms are used because they are practical, culturally influenced, and socially acceptable. Additionally, KE neologisms are mainly the result of semantic change, such as semantic restriction. Research on neologisms, especially geared towards understanding cultural or religious concepts incorporated within a variety, seems to be best examined using keyness analysis as it highlights such terms and concepts effectively.

The present study attempts to explore how lexical attrition happens in the case of Egyptian EFL learners at the university level. The study sample consisted of 88 Egyptian female students from the Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Egypt. The method adopted is a longitudinal one, where pre- and post-test results for orthography, pronunciation and meaning are compared. The findings of the study revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the spelling and meaning retention scores in both pre and post test results for the same group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the pronunciation retention scores in both pre and post test results for the same group. It was also concluded that orthography is no more resilient than meaning, and easy sound-meaning correspondences saved in declarative memory are prone to interference from lexical analogues within the dominant language. Furthermore, the lexicon contains phonics, not only in the shape of inherent and selectional capabilities, but also because of its popularity as a reservoir of constructional sounds and fixed phonological processes.

One of the actively developing branches of lexicology is neology, the object of its study is a new word or neologism. The task of neology is to identify new words and new meanings for words already existing in the language, analyze the causes and ways of their appearance, describe the factors that influence the emergence of a new language in the lexical system, and develop a language policy regarding new nominations. Neography deals with the lexicographic description of neologisms. In Russian studies, an active study of neologisms began in the second half of the 20th century, but interest in new nominations in the language appeared much earlier. For the first time, the definition of the term neologism was given in the \"Desk Dictionary for References in All Branches of Knowledge\" ed. F. Tollya (1864): -Neologism (Greek), the passion to introduce useless words into the language, i.e. designed to express ideas that are clearly conveyed by other words that have already come into use\" [Alatortseva, 1999 p. 11]. The very word neologism was used earlier, for example, P. YaVyazemsky writes: -I will allow myself neologisms, i.e. additions to the Dictionary of the Russian Academy\" [ibid., p. 11].

The study aims to identify the different strategies and procedures adopted by the translators of the Holy Qur\"an, focusing on the two lexemes: (strength and weakness) - from Arabic to English. To achieve these goals, Venuti\"s Theory (1995) is applied as the first theoretical framework. He presents the strategies of ( Foreignization ) and (Domestication) as an ideology that can be applied in translating religious texts. The study seeks to investigate how the concepts of strength and weakness are portrayed in the context that human minds consciously perceive; this can be done by using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the second theoretical framework for each of Lakof and Johnson 1980. The study shows that quwwah isn\"t introduced in its conventional sense, such as physical and authoritarian strength, but comes with the concept of persistence, youth, numerical abundance and divine power. On the other hand, the concept of da\"f is not limited to Physical weakness, but it includes other meanings such as ageing, helplessness, oppression, ignorance, and the seduction of human soul. Finally, there are many other lexemes that are verbally consistent but different in meaning in the Qur\"anic discourse. The study recommends investigating their meanings and their translations as well.

Polysemy is the phenomenon where a linguistic unit denotes multiple yet related meanings. These semantic extensions have a clear motivation through either metaphor or metonymy which are central to cognitive linguistic. This paper examines the polysemous meanings of body part term \"head\" in both the English and the Kurdish languages and reveals certain similarities and differences in terms of metaphor and metonymy. The data of this paper are dictionaries of the English Language. As far as the Kurdish language is concerned, the researchers depend on their experiences, because they are native speakers of the Kurdish language besides some bilingual and explanatory the Kurdish dictionaries. The results show that there is more convergence in meaning than divergence between the two languages when it comes to the lexeme. One of the reasons is that \"head\" is used in the English and the Kurdish to express more similar metaphorical purposes other than metonymical purposes.