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يتناول البحث إشكالية نسب الملك جد -كا -رع (إسيسي) بالنسبة لملوك الأسرة الخامسة، وذلك عن طريق دراسة بعد الأمور المشتركة بين ملوك تلك الأسرة، والتي من خلالها يمكن وضع بعض الافتراضات حول أصل الملك جد -كا ر-ع (إسيسي)، وعلاقته بملوك الأسرة الخامسة، واللقب الملكي بأسمائه الخمسة.

اهتم الملوك الآشوريون بمظاهر الملوكية اهتماما كبيرا، وقد تجلى هذا جليا من خلال نصوص الحوليات الآشورية فضلا عن رسومات الجدارية. ومما لا شك فيه أن الألقاب الفخمة التي أضفاها ملوك آشور على أنفسهم دلالة على مدى عظمة إنجازاتهم واتساع دولتهم وازدهار حكمهم. كما نجد أيضا في الرسومات الجدارية بروز الملوك الآشوريين مع رموز وشارات الملوكية التي تظفي عليهم طابع الهيبة والاحترام لكل من يتسلمها. وتجدر الإشارة هنا إلى أن ملوك العصر الآشوري الحديث أو عصر الإمبراطورية الآشورية (911-612 ق.م) أين بسط ملوك آشور سيطرتهم على أغلب مناطق الشرق الأدنى القديم، تجسدت خلال فترات حكمهم بصورة كبيرة شارات الملكية ورموزها فضلا عن الألقاب الملكية.

This article examines the general features of the Third Intermediate Period in ancient Egypt, focusing on its political, religious, social, and cultural dimensions. The study begins with the historical context following the collapse of the New Kingdom, when Egypt experienced a division of power between the Tanite rulers in the north and the priests of Amun in Thebes in the south, resulting in a dual authority that destabilized the political order. The paper discusses funerary and religious practices, noting innovations such as the transition from traditional mortuary texts to papyri of the Book of the Dead and the increased use of collective burials, reflecting changes in the conception of death and the afterlife. It also examines linguistic and scribal developments, particularly the dominance of Late Egyptian in written texts and the evolution of hieratic script. The study highlights that the political instability of the period was mirrored in art and architecture, which sometimes displayed simplicity and at other times sought to revive earlier styles. Despite its crises, the Third Intermediate Period is presented as a crucial transitional stage that paved the way for later developments in the Late and Ptolemaic periods. The author concludes that this era illustrates the resilience of Egyptian society and its ability to adapt to shifting political and economic conditions while maintaining continuity in religious and cultural traditions. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

There is no doubt that especially during Ancient Egypt the titles of officials are a major source of information about their careers and their duties in the state administration and service to the king and his family. During the last few decades, there has been general agreement in the understanding of many of the most frequently occurring titles. It is no wonder that many officials of the Government were concerned about its function. There were attached to almost every department of the public service, as well as to all the religious institutions of the country; and even wealthy noblemen, usually had one or more of these seal bearer\" in their household. Often times, title was held by officials and nobles as an honorary title. In ancient Egypt, many high-ranking members of the royal government bore the title \"ḫtm (w) kfз-ib\" which means \"Trustworthy Seal Bearer\". The person who bore of course was a trusted person, this title played an administrative role and its term had variant derivatives and functions associated with it. The proposed research, therefore, aims to study the titles of the trustworthy seal bearer, in addition to its terms and determinatives, interpret them linguistically, identifying the role of the seal bearer through textual and scenery sources, counting the most important employees who bore the title until the end of Middle Kingdom, shedding light on the titles that accompanying the holder of the seal and deducing the nature of the powers and competence of seal bearer from them.