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This study analyzes and measures the impact of spending on inflation in Algeria, using ECM and Granger Causality Model. We found that there is a causal relationship between spending and Inflation in Algeria, also we find there is a short and long run relationship that exists between the variables examined, the result indicated that increase of public expenditure by 1% led to increasing of inflation rates by 35%, also increase of operating expenses by 1% led to increasing of inflation rates by 28%, Therefore, it is better to adopt an effective fiscal policy, while rationalizing public spending and allocating it to the productive sectors that contribute to economic development, with the need to reduce imports and replace goods that can be produced locally to avoid imported inflation.

Objectives: The study Objective is to show the effect of public spending on unemployment rates in the economy of Iraq. Basically, the study aims to determine whether the public spending carried out by the government, affects negatively or positively the unemployment rates. Methods: (ARDL) an autoregressive distributed lag model was used. It is based on quarterly time series data for the period 2004-2021. The data were obtained from the Iraqi Central Bank, and the Eviews program was used to find out the impact of public spending on unemployment. Results: The results showed that there is a co-integration correlation of public spending on the unemployment rates in Iraq during the research period. Results also showed a significant and inverse effect of public spending on the unemployment rates during long period. The increase of the public spending rate by 1% leads to a decrease in the unemployment rate by 3%. Conclusions: This study provides enough information for decision-makers regarding public spending that increasing public spending will decrease the unemployment rates, and vice-versa.

الهدف: التعرف على الحجم الأمثل للإنفاق العام في الاقتصاد الفلسطيني كنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي خلال الفترة 1996-2020. المنهج: اعتمد الباحثون في هذه الدراسة على المنهج الكمي (القياسي) وتم التوصل للنتائج بالاعتماد على التحليل النظري والقياسي الكمي، حيث تم استخدام طرق التكامل المشترك الأساسي (CCA) وطريقة المربعات الصغرى المعدلة بالكامل (Fully Modified OLS) وطريقة المربعات الصغرى الديناميكية (OLS Dynamic) باتباع المنهجية التي استخدمها بارو (Barro 1990). نتائج الدراسة: توصلت الدراسة إلى أن السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية وصلت إلى الحد الأقصى من نسبة الإنفاق العام للناتج المحلي الإجمالي حيث كانت النسبة الأمثل 17.7% والتي تشكل الحجم الأمثل للإنفاق العام والذي يقدم أفضل مساهمة في تحسين معدلات النمو الاقتصادي. التوصيات: خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات من أهمها ضرورة ترشيد الأنفاق الحكومي ورفع كفاءته، ومن ناحية أخرى البحث عن مصادر مرنه ودائمة للتمويل الحكومي.

The objective of this research is to study the impact of real interest rate, Net domestic credit and government expenditure changes on the Egyptian economy. Using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, the results showed that the expansion of domestic debt in Egypt in the period under study (1976-2018) has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. The study recommends that the government should encourage Net Domestic Credit, provided that the funds are used in productive economic means. Net Domestic credit plays an important role in the growth of developed and emerging market economies.

Purpose: This study explores the relationship between government intervention and bank profitability by analyzing the determinants of bank performance. The study contributes empirical evidence regarding some main aspects that affect banking performance in Kuwait by investigating bank specific characteristics, macroeconomic factors, and government intervention. In addition, the study examines the failure of government intervention in the banking system of Kuwait. Further, the empirical model used in this paper shows the impact of the financial crisis on the banking sector in Kuwait. Study design/ methodology/ approach: The study uses panel techniques to estimate the regression models through applying pooled OLS, fixed effect, and random effect. In addition, the Hausman test is used in order to choose the appropriate estimated model between fixed effects and random effects. The long run relationship among the estimated variables is also examined through two panel cointegration tests: panel cointegration test of Pedroni and Kao test for cointegration. Sample and data: The yearly data set covers seven commercial banks from 1993 to 2017. These are National Bank of Kuwait (NBK), Kuwait Finance House (KFH), Gulf Bank (GB), Alahli Bank of Kuwait (ABK), Kuwait International Bank (KIB), Commercial Bank of Kuwait (CBK), and Burgan Bank (BB). The Central Bank of Kuwait regulations require commercial banks in Kuwait to practice their banking operations in accordance with a conventional banking system, or Islamic Sharee'a compliant system. To capture such differences, the sample used includes both Islamic and non-Islamic banks. Results: Findings show that government spending in the Kuwaiti economy deteriorates the performance of the banking system. This suggests that massive government spending tends to crowd out the role of the private sector in the economy through limiting credit channels to the banking industry. Furthermore, they show that the effect of the financial crisis on the banking performance was only pronounced during 2008 and 2009, whereas the effect progressively disappeared after the year 2009, highlighting the strength of banking industry to prevent global financial panic. Originality value: This paper explores the relationship between government intervention and bank profitability by analyzing the determinants of bank performance. Previous studies have not explored the important aspects that affect bank profitability in Kuwait. Therefore, this study delivers empirical evidence regarding some main aspects that affect banking performance in Kuwait by investigating bank specific characteristics, macroeconomic factors, and government intervention. In addition, the study highlights the failure of government intervention in the banking system of Kuwait, which supports the nature of the \"Keynesian revolution\". Research limitations/ implications: The effect of government intervention on banking profitability should be further investigated. The effect of public spending on banking depends on looking at the credit details of each bank's balance sheets. This includes the disaggregation of corporate loan types to investigate how each type of credit is affected by massive government spending. It is also suggested that government spending data should also exclude any spending on non-tradable goods. This is because the Kuwaiti government usually spends more on non-tradable goods than the private sector, especially in education and health. These questions should guide future investigations.

This paper follows the frame work of (Afonso and Aubyn ,2004), aiming to assess the efficiency of health spending in GCC countries with a focus on Kuwait during 2000-2017. This area where public expenditure is for great importance so that finding have strong implications in what concerns public spending efficiency. This will be of great importance for all GCC countries especially Kuwait after being affected by double shock covid-19 outbreak and lower oil prices which put more pressure on its fiscal position and force the government to rethink to pass new debt law allowing Kuwait to access the global debt capital markets and diversify its funding options. The paper tries to measure efficiency of public spending in health in Kuwait during 2000-2017 by applying two non-parametric methodologies: Free Disposal Hull and Data Envelopment Analysis. The empirical results show that on average, public spending in health sector is inefficient, which means that performance in this sector can be enhanced without increasing expenditure. For example, it was found that in the health sector the outcomes can be increased by 35% without spending more resources, also it was found that the same results can be achieved by reducing public spending by 23%.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحليل العلاقة بين الدخل القومي ومحدداته في السودان خلال الفترة 2005-2021م ومعرفة وتحليل اتجاهاتها وأنماطها افترضت الدراسة وجود علاقة طردية وذات دلالة إحصائية بين كل من (الاستهلاك والدخل القومي وعكسية بين الاستهلاك (والتضخم والاستثمار) في السودان خلال فترة الدراسة 2005 وتم استخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في الدراسة لأنه أكثر المناهج استخداما في دراسة الظواهر الاجتماعية واستخدم المنهج الكمي لبناء نموذج قياسي لقياس العلاقة بين الدخل القومي والمتغيرات الاقتصادية (الاستهلاك والاستثمار والإنفاق العام والتضخم) وذلك من خلال اختبار العلاقات السببية بينهما ومن أهم نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة عكسية بين الاستثمار والإنفاق الاستهلاكي وهذا ما أكدته الدراسة أن معامل الاستثمار سالب وأيضا توجد علاقة طردية بين الدخل القومي والإنفاق الاستثماري وهذا ما أكدته الدراسة أن معامل الإنفاق الاستثماري موجب.