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Global supply chain disruptions due to COVID-19 and the Russian-Ukraine war have increased inflation worldwide in recent years. So, this study aims to examine the effects of these disruptions on inflation in Egypt, utilizing the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model, with disaggregated monthly data from January 2014 to May 2024. through comparing the response of domestic inflation measures like the consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) to supply chain disruption measures by using global prices of oil, food, and shipping costs. In addition to using the real exchange rate (RER). The results indicate that according to structural impulse response functions (IRFs), the global oil price shock and RER immediately positively impact Egypt's CPI and PPI. While shipping costs have an immediate positive impact on PPI and a negative impact on CPI. According to structural variance decomposition, oil prices and shipping costs have tended to significantly affect the PPI more significantly than the CPI. While RER and food have tended to have a more significant effect on the CPI than the PPI. The study's findings could spur policymakers to lessen the inflationary effect of high oil prices by switching to other renewable energy sources and adopting energy-efficient and fuel-efficient technologies. Diversify import sources from geographically close regions to mitigate the effects of inflation resulting from shipping costs. Moreover, it should also enhance all social protection systems for vulnerable categories, maintain currency stability, and enhance export competitiveness.

Developing countries depend on foreign countries' external finance as a source of funds to develop economic growth. Egypt also depends on official development assistance (ODA) and foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered one sort of dependency of developing countries on the donors of developed countries. ODA affects economic growth and sustainability in many developing countries and at the same time creates challenges. The study aims to capture the nexus between economic growth and the ODA in Egypt during the period from 1979 to 2018 based on the availability of data. An auto-regression distributed lag model (ARDL) bounds testing approach has been employed in this study to assess the long-run impact of ODA on economic growth. Results show a long-run positive relation between ODA and economic growth in Egypt. While FDI is insignificant in the short-run and long run. Based on the results policy recommendation is provided to maximize the utilization of the external resources

This study tests the impact of key structural socioeconomic factors on the productive employment channel of inclusive growth in Egypt from 1976 to 2022. This includes initial incomes, public spending on education, foreign direct investment, population growth, and openness. The Unrestricted-Error-Correction-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (UECARDL), proposed by Pesaran and Shin (1999) is utilized to capture the short- and longrun dynamic effects. The PP and ADF unit root, and \"ARDL-Bounds\" cointegration tests were employed at a preliminary stage. The results revealed that initial incomes have a long-term positive impacts on inclusive growth from productive employment channel. Additionally, FDI inflows and the working- age population exert no effect on fostering pro-employment growth. Moreover, a negative influence was detected from trade openness and the government's role in managing education expenditures. This study provides useful insights for the Egyptian government in handling the unexpected negative or insignificant influence of some structural socio-macroeconomic variables. To promote inclusive growth, pro-employment policies have to be placed at the center of the policy agenda in coordination with macroeconomic stability policies. Additionally, providing adequate FDI incentives to the right investors, monitoring public spending on education and providing sound subsidies to infant industries to draw benefits from exports are necessary. This study adds to the existing literature; as it is the first attempt to test the influence of major socioeconomic variables on the productive employment aspect of inclusive growth in Egypt. covering an extended period

This study examines the asymmetric distributional impact of key determinants on Egypt's economic growth from 1977 to 2023, focusing on total factor productivity (TFP), human capital, financial development, savings, governance, foreign direct investment (FDI), and inflation. Uniquely employing the quantile autoregressive distributed lag-error correction model (QARDL-ECM), the study captures heterogeneous effects across low, median and high growth phases, challenging traditional linear frameworks and providing deeper insights into growth dynamics. The analysis employs a comprehensive dataset and robust econometric techniques, including Huber-White robust standard errors, to ensure reliable results. Findings reveal that TFP drives growth during downturns but loses relevance in prosperous phases due to structural bottlenecks, while human capital consistently supports growth across all economic conditions. Savings hinder growth in downturns and median phases due to inefficient financial intermediation, while financial development is associated with slower long-run growth, driven by credit misallocation and systemic inefficiencies. FDI shows negligible effects due to structural and institutional barriers, and governance reforms exhibit nonlinear impacts, initially disrupting growth but potentially supporting it in high-growth phases. Inflation has a negligible long-run impact, except for a slight positive effect during high-growth phases. The study underscores the need for phase-specific interventions, including structural reforms, improved financial intermediation, and sustained governance enhancements. Policy recommendations prioritize TFP improvements and human capital investments during downturns, redirecting credit flows toward productive sectors, and targeting high-spillover FDI in renewable energy and technology. These measures aim to harmonize short-term stabilization with long-term structural transformation, addressing Egypt's growth asymmetries and unlocking its economic potential.

Considering the growing exposure of the financialization concept, the literature has shown the financialization of developing and emerging economies (DEEs) from different aspects. One of these aspects is the increasing capability of DEEs' governments to borrow and be heavily dependent on financial markets. Therefore, this study aim to explore the conceptual framework of financialization, to examines the relationship between financialization and external debts in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA). The study likewise attempted to forecast the value of Egypt's external debt stocks as one of the DEEs' countries from 2020 to 2024; using the ARIMA model; to demonstrate financialization. The study concludes that there is massive increase in external and government debts in the MENA region within the period from 2011 to 2019 as a feature of financialization and the amplified dependence on the financial markets. Furthermore, it has been concluded that Egypt's external debts are expected to rise from 2020 to 2024.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على الأبعاد الجغرافية للمناطق الصناعية المؤهلة في مصر وتحليل الأثار المترتبة على قطاعي الصناعة والتجارة الدولية، ويتناول موضوع البحث دراسة مجموعة من العناصر تبدأ بتوضيح المفهوم العام للمناطق الصناعية المؤهلة وأهداف وشروط الاتفاقية وتحديد أطرافها.nثم دراسة مجموعة أخرى من العناصر تقودنا إلى تقييم المناطق الصناعية المؤهلة في مصر من خلال تتبع التطور الذي شهدته هذه المناطق خلال فترة تمتد لنحو خمسة عشر عاما حيث تشمل الدراسة الفترة الممتدة من عام ٢٠٠٤ إلى ٢٠١٩م، ودراسة الاتجاهات التي اتخذتها هذه المناطق في توزيعها الجغرافي، وعرض تفصيلي للبناء الاقتصادي لهذه المناطق من خلال عرض القطاعات الصناعية والعمالة والاستثمارات وحركة الصادرات للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وحركة الواردات الإسرائيلية، ثم تحليل مستقبل المناطق الصناعية المؤهلة، بالإضافة إلى عرض أهم نتائج الدراسة الميدانية التي أجريت على إحدى عشر منطقة صناعية مؤهلة وقد بلغ حجم عينة الدراسة (٥) مصنعا تعمل ضمن شروط المناطق الصناعية المؤهلة، وانتهى البحث بخاتمة توضح أهم نتائجه وبعض التوصيات.

هدف البحث إلى تحليل وقياس أثر تدفقات صافي الاستثمارات الأجنبية المباشرة على معدل نمو القيمة المضافة للقطاع الصناعي ومعدل التوظيف في القطاع الصناعي ومعدل البطالة في الاقتصاد المصري خلال الفترة (۱۹۹۱ - ۲۰۲۳) باستخدام الأسلوب القياسي نموذج (ARDL)، وانتهى البحث إلى وجود تأثير إيجابي معنوي في الأجلين القصير والطويل لصافي تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على القيمة المضافة من القطاع الصناعي، في حين لا يوجد تأثير لصافي تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على معدل البطالة في الأجلين القصير والطويل، كما لا يوجد تأثير لصافي تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على معدل التوظيف في القطاع الصناعي في الأجل الطويل مما يشير إلى ضعف العلاقة بين الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وزيادة فرص التشغيل في القطاع الصناعي، بينما أظهرت النتائج وجود تأثير طردي لصافي تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على معدل التوظيف في القطاع الصناعي في الأجل القصير.

The objective of this research is to study the impact of real interest rate, Net domestic credit and government expenditure changes on the Egyptian economy. Using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, the results showed that the expansion of domestic debt in Egypt in the period under study (1976-2018) has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. The study recommends that the government should encourage Net Domestic Credit, provided that the funds are used in productive economic means. Net Domestic credit plays an important role in the growth of developed and emerging market economies.

This study focuses on how to grasp interdisciplinary field relations to interpret how negotiation can be applied using technology in a country to accelerate economic activities. To assess the impact of using information technology via negotiation precisely using reliable measures on the macro level is difficult. Still, negotiation is a practice that is done almost daily as it become mainstream in business communication. This reality involves that while using technology we use e- negotiation to maximize benefit. Many reasons can justify the choice of e-negotiation it is simply in all business transitions, it happens through professional, formal, or informal communications, inter and/or intra organization relies solely on negotiation in every decision made. Currently, after COVID19 using virtual technology is accelerated and organizations are on it to accelerate their economic activities. This paper investigates the impact of using virtual technology (VT) on the country's economic growth using the Egyptian economy data. An indirect, unorthodox study correlating overall economic health during COVID19 with management processing executed online, and using the e-negotiation. To conclude this paper attempts to read the viability of the VT usability in business in Egypt by reading for overall country economic performance. This paper focuses on studying the acceleration of the integration of the digital economy during and moving on from COVID19 testing in an indirect correlation whether e-negotiation succeeded in Egypt in supporting business growth or has hindered the process when performed online? The paper deploys a co-integration test of the series using the ARDL boundary test approach. Results showed that the series move together in the long run. Findings show that digital increases economic growth and no evidence that e-negotiation creates a blocking factor in the face of economic growth. The proposed econometric model offers great insights into just how crucial digitalization is to Egypt's economic and social future.