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The article shed new lights on the Egyptian term 'swh'. It discussed the root of the term, meanings, and its frequent use. It investigated all possible derived words and their origins to determine the words derived from the term and these that derived from later acquired meanings. The article dealt with the words in a lexicographical study discussing the different orthographies, attestations, primary meanings, the significances and the metaphoric use of each of the derived words. The article draws on the word-tree in the Egyptian language. How a term might gain new meanings; and how new meaning of a term can be used later independently as a new root gaining new independent meanings.

Objective: This research examines intonation as a vocal supra-segmental phenomenon in Arabic and English, focusing on declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory types of utterances. It aims to identify difficulties for English speakers learning Arabic intonation. Methodology: The study uses the contrastive analysis approach to help identify patterns that may pose challenges in learning Arabic. Results: show similarities in intonation patterns and tones but challenges in the semantic dimension due to differences in intonation levels. Conclusion: Suggestions on how to overcome those difficulties include training learners in Arabic intonation patterns and designing effective teaching curricula based on linguistic contrastive analysis.

This study examines the morphological processes involved in word formation in Gugbe, a language spoken in West Africa, with particular focus on Nigeria and Benin. Unlike previous research, which has primarily explored Gugbe syntax (Aboh, 2017; 2007; 2005; 1999; 1998), this study shifts focus to morphology, addressing the gap in understanding of word-formation processes in the language. Building on Adjibi's (2020) work on Gugbe names and words associated with 'ogú' (the god of iron), the objectives here are to outline key Gugbe word-formation mechanisms and compare them to English morphological structures. Methodologically, the study analyzes words, phrases, and sentences from everyday speech and native songs, assessing morphological markers. Results show that Gugbe employs diverse processes: prefixation (e.g., otò, 'country'), suffixation (mítọn, 'our'), compounding (Gbé-kanlin, 'wild animal'), reduplication (dagbedagbe, 'very good'), calquing (Sȩnami, 'God gave it to me'), clipping under calquing (Mìjoședo), and borrowing (blȩdi, 'bread'). Notably, while most compound words in Gugbe are right-headed (e.g., gbékanlin, 'wild animal'), some are left-headed or non-headed. This investigation expands understanding of Gugbe morphology, enriching linguistic resources for Gugbe learners and prompting further research into Gugbe lexical innovation.

Given the remark able development that took place in machine translation (MT) in recent years, people all over the world tended to rely on MT since it provides a faster result than human translation (HT) and saves effort. Even with these merits, there is still a difference of opinion on whether MT output has reached human equivalence. This study was provoked by the following question \"Does post-editing (PE) improve MT output?\" The study attempts to answer the question by providing a theoretical approach to PE methods, with practical examples. Data was taken from the Arabic novel فرانكشتاين في بغداد, Frankenstein in Baghdad and the application of Google Translate (GT) was chosen for the automatic translation of the data. A professional translator with experience in literary translation was asked to do the task of PE Google output. Then an analysis of the grammatical and semantic differences - that have been found between GT and the PE version- was introduced. The research findings showed that conducting PE enhanced the efficiency of GT output, especially on the semantic level where the percentage of PE on the meanings (85%) was much more than on grammar (15%).

هدف البحث إلى التعرف على الدال المفرد في علم العربية مسائله، وإشكالاته. وانقسم البحث إلى أربعة مباحث، كشف الأول عن أول حديث عن الدال المفرد في علم العربية، فأول مرحلة حاولت التقعيد للغة قد بدأت من النص على ما يدل دلالة مفردة، وصنفته، وقسمته باعتبار الدلالة لا باعتبار اللفظ، إذ لو كان التقسيم باعتبار اللفظ لخلف أقساماً تزيد عن الثلاثة، فالطبيعة اللفظية للأسماء متعددة ومختلفة وهي قسم واحد باعتبار معناها، فالظرف اسم، وطبيعته اللفظية تختلف عن الضمير، وهما يختلفان عن العلم، وأسماء الإشارة، والأسماء الموصولة، وأسماء الأفعال. وجاء الثاني بالدوال المفردة وضوابط دخولها تحت طائلة الدرس النحوي، فمن لدوال المفردة التي ذكرها النحاة هي الخط، والإشارة، والعقد، والنصب، وما يفهم من حال الشيء، وحديث النفس، والتكليم. وأشار الثالث إلى الدوال المفردة المشروطة وموقف النحاة منها، وتضمن الدوال المفردة الدالة أصالة بغير الوضع، وما كانت دلالته المفردة مشروطة باتصاله، واشتراط الدلالة لكلية في الاعتداد بالدال نحوياً، واشتراط طبيعة معينة للتركيب تكون قرينة على معنى الدال ووظيفته وعمله. واشتمل الرابع الدال المفرد الأعجمي النشأة، وموقف النحاة منه. وجاءت نتائج البحث مؤكدة على أن سبب خروج بعض الدوال المفردة من دائرة اهتمام النحويين، مثل الإشارة والعقد والنصيب، وبين حكم الدال الخطي. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قِبل دار المنظومة 2021

Gossip is a linguistic phenomenon that almost appears in our daily conversations. In the present research paper, gossip in big little lies by Liane Moraity is discussed following in the steps of Deborah Johnes (1980) in identifying the four basic functional types of gossip, Foster's (2004) functions of using gossips and Coates (1997) theories regarding the difference between men and women talk. The study aims at exploring the most common situations in which gossips are used, the relationship between people gossiping, the difference between the way and the frequency men and women gossip. It also aims at analyzing types, functions and linguistic features of gossips used in the literary work under investigation. Different examples from various male and female characters are analyzed to reach the conclusions that; women gossip more than men and that there are specific linguistic features that each sex tends to use more than others. The purpose why each gender sex is also different as proved below.

This essay examines the narration style in Henry James' novella, The Aspern Papers, by examining the varied linguistic structures that dominate the narrative. It attempts to reveal some of the stylistic choices that intensify and dramatize the retelling of the story by the unnamed narrator. This study adopts quantitative and qualitative approaches in gathering and analyzing the examined linguistic and literary content. The essay finds that in The Aspern Papers, the notorious narrator receives the sympathy of the reader instead of his two female victims, Tina and Juliana. The study highlights that the narrator manipulates language structures by choosing certain linguistic constructions in the story bringing the reader into the narrator's disposition instead of sympathizing with his victims.