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"الحرب"
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فن الحرب /
يعتبر فن الحرب لسون تسي من أقدم وأشهر الكتب الحربية في الصين، وهو أقدم كتاب حربي في العالم أيضا، إذ يتمتع الكتاب بمكانة بارزة في تاريخ البحوث الأكاديمية الحربية في العالم. ويعتبر هذا الكتاب جزءا هاما من الثقافة والتقاليد الصينية الممتازة إذ إن مضمونه دقيق وعميق وواسع جدا، وقد أحدث تأثيرا بعيد المدى في تطور العلم الحربي القديم بالصين، ويعتبر مرجعا أساسيا وحضاريا عند الصين. ولا تزال الكثير من حقائق الكتاب بنفس أهميتها السابقة، فهي مفيدة في بناء وتطوير النظريات الحربية الحديثة، واستخدام مبادئه وأفكاره في الحياة الاجتماعية وفي عالم الأعمال، فهي تطبق على نطاق واسع في إدارة المؤسسات والتنافس التجاري والمباريات الرياضية والأنشطة الأخرى.
Book
Violence and Warfare
The Just War tradition (JWT) is viewed in this paper as a corpus of ideas that discusses the morality and ethics of war. It has changed throughout more than 1,500 years, making it a complicated one. The Just War tradition is broad and multifaceted, yet it is confined within some essential principles that determine its boundaries. It differs from pacifism in that it holds that wars can occasionally be justified and from realism, which views war as outside the purview of moral judgment, in that it holds both the choice to go to war and the tactics used in conducting it are subject to moral inspection. Within such confines, just war theorists disagree with one another not only about subtleties of the theory but also over fundamental issues like whether or not a war may be justified by something other than the necessity of defending oneself against an already-initiated armed attack. The main goal of this research is to provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the JWT, the conditions under which it permits and restricts acceptable damages and the moral conundrums these arguments raise. Regarding modern just war theory, one of the central concerns is whether war can be fought and damage done for \"humanitarian\" or \"cosmopolitan\" purposes, including protecting human rights. Stated differently, the question is whether there exists a clear and present need to conduct war. This paper lays out the main problems with the use of violence, evaluates the cosmopolitan and anti-cosmopolitan contributions to Just War thinking, and ends with some observations on the suitability of Just War thinking and its connection to cosmopolitanism
Journal Article
Euphemism and Dysphemism in the War in Ukraine's News
This paper investigates the use of euphemism and dysphemism in the news on the Russia-Ukraine war. It highlights how each side of the conflict uses language to promote their ideologies and demote the ideologies of others. The study follows the framework proposed by Allan and Burridge (1991; 2006) for data analysis. The analysis reveals that the Russia-Ukraine war has not been only a war of arms and firepower in the military field, but also a war of words in the fields of politics and media. The strategic functions of legitimizing and delegitimizing actions are realized by positive representations of oneself and negative representations of others, which are crucial instruments of war propaganda.
Journal Article
How Effective was Germany in Mobilizing its Economy before and during the Second World War?
This article analyzes the effectiveness of Germany in mobilizing its economy before and during World War II. The Nazi regime initiated the \"Four-Year Plan\" in 1936 to prepare the economy for war, focusing on military autarky and self-sufficiency. Early investments in military production were made, and by 1939, Germany had built a strong military-industrial base. However, the economy was unprepared for the long- term demands of the war, with insufficient raw materials, poor coordination between the military and industry, and a lack of readiness in production capacities. During the war, Germany initially maintained a \"peace-like war economy,\" focusing on civilian satisfaction in the early years. However, inefficiencies arose in mass production, and financial issues hindered military production. The shortage of essential materials and the underutilization of female labor further weakened the economy. Ultimately, Germany's economic strategies, while initially effective, were unsustainable and inadequate for the prolonged conflict, contributing to the collapse of its economy by 1945. The paper concludes that despite early successes, Germany's economic mobilization was hindered by strategic errors and inefficiencies, leading to its failure during the war.
Journal Article
The Economic Effects of the Russian-Ukrainian War of 2022 on Global Food Security
This study aims to shed light on the economic effects of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022 on global food security and to examine its repercussions on international food markets and the global food supply shortage. The war has directly contributed to further disruptions in global food supply chains due to rising shipping costs. Both Ukraine and Russia play major roles in global food markets, as they are among the world's most significant producers and exporters of arable crops. Consequently, the war has had profound global repercussions, particularly on food security, leading to a surge in the prices of most food products.
Journal Article
The Impact of War on Vietnamese in Robert Olen Butler Short Story \Open Arms\
Since the dawn of humanity violence caused by war or armed conflicts between nations or within the same nation are marked with Trauma and those individuals who face these traumatic events suffer for the rest of their lives and rarely survive its nightmarish shadow. Trauma is a Greek word means wound, however its meaning started to refer to spiritual rather than physical injuries. During the Eighteenth Century it is used to refer to emotional and psychological scars left by violent or upsetting experiences. This study refers to Trauma theory that is explained and developed by Cathy Caruth. This epistemological and ethical perspective is laid forth in her highly significant work. Depending on the theory of Trauma, the analysis will examine the impact of the war on Vietnamese immigrants to the United States and the hardships they faced, which led them to develop mental illnesses such as identity disorder, isolation, self-torture rejection, and difficulties of adaptation and loss of self-esteem. The study presents Trauma theory; its evolution, pioneers, uses, significance, and concepts. It also sheds light on the works and life of Robert Olen Butler, an American writer who served as an interpreter and an unofficial student of Vietnamese culture during the Vietnam War after briefly working in counterintelligence. It presents the short story of Open Arms. The story introduces Thap, who appears to be a devoted communist and is a North Vietnamese. Because his family was slain by the communist party, he plots with the Australians. His traumatic experience led him to committed suicide.
Journal Article
Women, War and Memory
This paper examines how Fadila al-Faruq's Ta'ul Khajal confronts the gendered violence of Algeria's postcolonial civil war, particularly the systemic rape and abduction of women weaponized by extremist groups like the GIA. Against the backdrop of the 1990s \"Black Decade,\" the novel interrogates how women's bodies became ideological battlegrounds, entangled in colonial legacies and patriarchal oppression. Employing trauma theory and feminist frameworks, the textual analysis reveals how al-Faruq's fragmented narrative structure interweaving personal testimonies, such as the 1994 \"year of shame\" and the GIA's 1995 campaign of mass abduction disrupts official silences around wartime atrocities. By juxtaposing graphic accounts of violence with theoretical insights on collective memory, the novel exposes the stigmatization of feminine bodies while challenging norms that normalize gendered aggression. The findings demonstrate that al-Faruq's innovative narrative form not only documents trauma but also reconfigures it as a site of resistance, binding individual suffering to broader sociopolitical critique. Ultimately, the novel underscores literature's capacity to dismantle the false dichotomy between wartime brutality and everyday patriarchal violence, urging a reckoning with Algeria's contested histories.
Journal Article
الغدر في الحرب
جاءت هذه الدراسة لتتحدث عن الغدر في الحرب، وبيان كيف يتم استخدام أسلوب الغدر في الحرب، سواء كان قبل الحرب أو أثناء الحرب، أو بعدها، وتناولت هذه الدراسة تعريف الغدر، وبيان طرق استخدام الغدر في الحرب، وموقف القانون الدولي الإنساني من استخدام أسلوب الغدر في الحرب، مع ذكر نصوص القانون الدولي الإنساني ممثلة في اتفاقيات جنيف الأربع ۱۹٤٩ م والبرتوكولين الإضافيين الملحقين بها ۱۹۷۷م، مع بيان النصوص القانونية الأخرى مثل اتفاقية لاهاي لعام ١٩٠٧م، ونظام روما الأساس للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية، مع بيان الأركان الواجب توفرها ليتم من خلالها المنع من استخدام أسلوب الغدر في الحرب، مع بيان موقف الشريعة الإسلامية من استخدام أسلوب الغدر في الحرب وذكر النصوص الشرعية والشواهد على هذا الفعل.
Journal Article
Wilfred Owen's Anger Over the Loss of Young Soldiers' Lives in the Poem \Anthem for Doomed Youth\
The study highlights Wilfred Owen's anger over the Loss of Young Soldiers' Lives in the Poem \"Anthem for Doomed Youth\". The objectives of the study are to show the anger of Wilfred Owen over the loss of young soldiers' lives, to show the physical and psychological state of the soldiers after the war, and to highlight the language of war poetry emphasizes some topics, such as suffering and death, violence, terror by the army, and hopelessness presented by the poet. The paper used a descriptive and analytical methodology to comprehend Owen's message about his refusal to funeral young soldiers in war. According to the study's conclusion, greater consideration must be given to those who defend their country, and their sacrifice when they pass away in war has to be recognized and appreciated. Consideration must be taken of the psychological state of those soldiers.
Journal Article