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Louise Erdrich is one of the prominent writers in contemporary American literature. She devotes her oeuvre to promote her indigenous Americans' culture, advocate their rights and speak out how they are still suffering in the reservations made by the Federal government. In The Round House, Erdrich attracts attention to the short comings of the Federal legal system which unfortunately has some loophole allowing non-indigenous perpetrators to commit crimes with impunity. She illustrates how such criminal acts aggravate the native community's- particularly women's- sense of insecurity and deepen their intergenerational trauma. The article will discuss the different traumas resulting from the sexual assault Geraldine Coutts goes through at the hands of white racist, Lark. It will also identify and explain the psychological consequences on the raped wife, Geraldine, Bazil Coutts, her husband, and Joe, their son. It will probe into each one's reaction to their traumas: the wife's PTSD, Bazil's resilient response and Joe's violent response. It will further explain how the son's revengeful act helps the whole family to restore peace according to Indigenous worldview. Psychological and social trauma theories, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the indigenous philosophy of justice will function as theoretical basis for the interdisciplinary analysis in the article.

Meena Alexander is a prominent South Asian American writer who has explored the condition of migration and dislocation, fusing poetry, prose and critical thinking. As part of the migrant experience, Alexander is preoccupied with ideas of home, violence, displacement, memory, and loss. This paper seeks to investigate the dilemma that migrants face in the United States as presented in Alexander's hybrid text The Shock of Arrival: Reflections on Postcolonial Experience (1996). The paper intends to answer the following questions: What does \"home\" signify to an immigrant writer in a new land? Is home a geographical place or an emotional space? Does home refer solely to the reservoir of homeland memories? Does it mean the newly adopted place from which she writes; or does it mean that \"imaginary homeland\" where she retreats from alienation in her new home?; and finally, how does she portray the xenophobic attitudes towards migrants in the United States? What is the effect of the English language on migrants? Selected poems from Alexander's book will be read within the framework of diaspora and migration studies with special emphasis on the writings of Susan Stanford Friedman, which offer useful perspectives for studying Meena Alexander's poetry.

Aggravation is as an act of sequences that strengthen the universal illocutionary force; therefore, the speaker assaults the self-image of the target, and supporting conflict or struggle. Aggravation has been little attention from a pragmatic perspective; therefore, this paper attempts to identify the pragmatic aspects of aggravation in Coetzee's Disgrace novel. Specifically, this work sets itself the task of answering the following questions: (1) What are the most predominant speech acts used in the novel Disgrace (2) What are the most frequently strategies of aggravation utilized in the chosen novel? And which is the most common non-observed Grace's maxim in this novel? Consequently, the study aims at identifying the most common speech acts employed in using aggravation, showing the most frequent strategies of aggravation utilized in such novel and identifying the most frequently non-observance maxim. It is hypothesized that: Representative and expressive speech acts are more frequently used in the chosen novel. Positive aggravation is the most frequently strategy employed, and quantity maxim is the most frequently non-observance maxim. This study is limited to analyze five texts from ''Disgrace'' novel which written in 1999 by Coetzee. The study ends up with a variety of conclusions, the most central of which is that speech acts of representative, declarative, and expressive are used in Disgrace novel and the use of conversational maxims are to make the communication effective.

The present study is concerned with the writer's ideologies towards violence against women. The study will focus on analyzing an English novel about violence against women so as to see to what extent writers are being affected and influenced by their genders. It also focuses on showing to what extent writer's ideologies are reflected in their works. Gender influence social groups ideologies; therefore, when a writer discusses an issue that concerns the other gender, they will be either subjective or objective depending on the degree of influence, i.e., gender has influenced their thoughts as well as behaviours. A single fact may be presented differently by different writers depending on the range of affectedness by ideologies. The study aims to uncover and reveal the hidden gender-based ideologies, by analyzing the discursive structure of a novel based on Van Dijk's model (2000) of ideology and racism. The selected novel is based on discussing violence against women. The study will later on reveal what the real writer's gender-based ideologies is. Is the writer feminist or anti-feminist? Is he prejudiced? Is he biased?.

Bullying is a social phenomenon characterised by interactions that are viewed as negative, repetitive, persistent, and directed towards one or more individuals. The problem of this study is manifested in how to analyse verbal bullying linguistically, relate it to pragmatic theories, and identify some of the social scales related to it. The study aims at Describing and identifying the speech act of bullying. Identifying what impoliteness strategies and functions are employed in bullying performance. Showing the sociopragmatic factors which affect the speech act of bullying and identifying the impolite language used by those who bully. The study concluded that verbal bullying in its most basic form can be an insult that comes with an impolite function and power differences. Bullying is associated with using power to gain or increase the bully's benefits from the situation. Bullies use verbal bullying to force people to do things using their social power.

White presents a clear picture of a woman who suffers from a traumatic psychological state. During her childhood, she was continuously raped by her father. Such kind of anxiety and irritation White reveals in a series of her autobiographical writings. Due to Psychiatrists, it is a valid view that a significant part of White's mental breakdown is due to her unconscious sense of anxiety, which goes back to her childhood period. Psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Cathy Caruth are used to justify most of the odd situations White presents in her novels. The study aims at describing such anxiety in Antonia White's Quartet stories. It discusses the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Crutch's post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. In spite of being humiliated, sexually abused and treated badly, White aimed at creating a unified female self in her autobiographical novels. She has done so through her daring style and rebelling against the patriarchal system by suppressing her anxiety in writing.

Egypt, as an African country, was tied over its long history with the people of Nile Basin and Horn of Africa. Therefore, cooperation with the countries of Africa aims at consolidating the relations by using and effectuating mechanisms of cooperation in the field of international relations and boosting the role of Egyptian private sector by driving the fields of Egyptian investment in infrastructure projects. Development and growth of relations depended on internal variables and their external impacts and growth of the power of Egypt to be reflected at the end on strengthening the relations between Egypt and the countries of Africa. Egypt's relation to the countries of Africa shall not be reduced to trade, economy or Egypt's need to Nile water. It is time to revive the soft power of Egypt represented in education, scientific research, media, culture and joint work with civil community organizations to demonstrate the real image of Egypt and Africans and their civilizations. Problem of the study lies in focus of President Abdulfattah Al Sisi on Africa and its development, and the strategic depth of the content in Egypt since he came to power, particularly after tension of relations between Egypt and Africa in 1980s and 1990s and the fact that they were limited to regional and internal official meetings, and after Ethiopia established the Renaissance Dam following January 2011 Revolution. President Sisi endeavored since he came to power to focus on Africa and Development of African countries. The president assures in all his interviews the importance of linking communication between Egypt and Africa, and stresses on the importance of Africa for Egypt and importance of Egypt for Africa. The study depended on the theories of media frameworks to scientifically authenticate the thesis and decision-making theory in international relations because it is one of the theories that interpret the foreign policy of the state as a theory in international relations. In addition, it is used for the decisions made by audience as a result of watching satellite channels. The study used survey of the context of public and private Egyptian satellite channels which address the issue of Egyptian-African relations and the field survey of various community categories to identify the role of public and private Egyptian satellites in forming the approaches of the case. Population of the study included: - Population of the analytical study includes public and private Egyptian satellites that handle the Egyptian- African relations in their program content and news bulletins. - Population of field study includes experts and categories of the Egyptian society in various ages (public opinion). The study depended on purposeful sample of 400 respondents of experts and specialists in the Egyptian-African affairs and random sample of the Egyptian public represented in university youth and staff of Ministries, Embassies, Arab and African institutes. The researcher made context analysis form to identify the extent of Egyptian public and privates satellites treatment of the issue of Egyptian- African relations on sample of Egyptian public and private satellites. Concerning Egyptian public satellites: (Egyptian Satellite TV, Nile News) Concerning Egyptian private satellites: (Extra News- ON Live) Programs presented on the channels the sample of the study for full television period of: (July- August- September 2017) for 2017, using the comprehensive survey approach. Key results of the study - Public local organizations and authorities were the key source of news related to the Egyptian- African relations in Extra News Channel with percentage of 100%, in ON Live channel with percentage of 94.9%; in the Egyptian satellite TV with percentage of 91.4%; and in Nile News with percentage of 89.2% - Coverage of political conditions gained the biggest side of coverage of Egyptian-African relations in the channels under study. - Egypt was one of the countries that aired the four channels under study and to which those channels belong. Therefore, those channels were keen on highlighting the Egyptian side and its role in most coverage under study. - Majority of contexts of the four channels presented single point of view with percentage of 98.3% in ON Live; 95.7% in satellite TVs, with percentage of 95.6% in Nile News TV. - private Satellite TVs acquired the highest percentage of viewers. While the percentage of respondents who always follow private channels was 60.2%, the percentage of permanent follow up didn't exceed 21.7% between audience of public TVs. In addition, while there were only four respondents who don't follow private satellite TVs, number of respondents who don't follow public satellite TVs was 26 respondents with percentage of 6.5% of the total sample of the study. -The first ranking was Egypt's relations with the countries of Africa which are governed by exchange of benefits and interests with relative weight of 85.2%, which means that respondents' perception of one of the essential facts in relations between countries and its implication that relations of countries are primarily based on mutual benefit between them. -Result notes that role of Egyptian public and private satellites in addressing the Egyptian-African relations was clear for the respondents the sample of the study. Suggestions of the study: -To reconsider the foreign policy of Egypt towards African. Egypt shall play key role in realization of political and economic stability in the Nile Basin countries to encounter any foreign interventions that endeavor to marginalize the regional role of Egypt towards Africa. -News of Egyptian-African relations aired through Egyptian public and private satellites shall be true, accurate and direct. -Preparers and editors of programs related to the issue of Egyptian-African relations in all sides and dimensions of the issue and training in arts of media editing shall be provided. -Preparers and editors of the programs that handle Egyptian and African relations and issues shall be proficient in the languages and dialects of those countries and shall be familiar with the culture of those peoples. -There shall be Egyptian-African media strategy to address the foreign claims in the resources of Africa.

This study takes Stuart Hall's three conceptions of cultural identity as an approach to Nadine Gordimer's The Pick Up and Bessie Head's When Rain Clouds Gather. Hall differentiates between three different conceptions of identity: those of the (a) Enlightenment subject (b) sociological subject, and (c) post-modern subject. Whereas the Enlightenment subject is built on a perception of the individual as a self-centered, fully integrated essential entity, the sociological subject is built upon the realization that the person is not self-dependent; rather, he/she is shaped through his/her interaction with others. However, due to its continuous interaction with different cultural identities, the self is transformed from a coherent identity into an inconsistent identity. As a result, the postmodern subject evolves, with no definite, essential, or stable form: the subject is presented with a plethora of potential identities with which he/she may temporarily associate. Makhaya's and Julie's narratives reflect Hall's three conceptions of cultural identity. Firstly, both go through the stage of the Enlightenment subject. Makhaya's cultural identity relates to the Black, South African culture. Similarly, Julie's self-centered essential identity is related to her single culture as a white, South African, English-speaking, Christian girl. Both, secondly, become sociological subjects. Makhaya attempts to define himself with his native Black fellow citizens. However, he is repulsed by the traditional false beliefs of his tribe. Likewise, Julie joins a Bohemian social world. However, her new social world becomes full of inconsistencies, since her revolution proves to be eventually insincere. Finally, both complete the transformation into post-modern subjects with new hybrid, contrapuntal, transcultural identities. Makhaya renounces the idealistic 'myth' of a coherent and solid identity and is able to identify with new multicultural identities in Botswana. Julie identifies with Arab, African, and Arabic-speaking Muslim community. Makhaya's and Julie's new post-modern identity is symbolized by their infatuation with the \"cosmic oneness\" of a pantheistic universe.

تتناول الدراسة بالتحليل ترجمة المحظور اللغوي (taboo) من اللغة الإنجليزية إلى اللغة العربية في رواية خرائط للكاتب الصومالي نور الدين فرح الصادرة عام (١٩٨٦)، من خلال دراسة الترجمتين المقابلتين لها في اللغة العربية والصادرتين عن دور نشر مختلفة بهدف تحديد الاستراتيجيات التي استخدمها كل مترجم، لمعرفة الاستراتيجيات الأكثر والأقل شيوعا. كما هدفت الدراسة من خلال تحليل الترجمتين الصادرتين للرواية الإنجليزية إلى تقصي دور الرقابة التي تمارسها دور النشر على الترجمات التي تصدرها. استخلصت عينة الدراسة من النص المصدر باللغة الإنجليزية والترجمتين المقابلتين لها في اللغة العربية، وأجري تحليل نوعي لتحديد وتصنيف استراتيجيات الترجمة التي استخدمها المترجمين وفق نموذج معدل يعتمد على نظرية الترجمة لفيني وداربلن (۱۹۸۹) وآلان وبيردج (٢٠٠٦) وبراونلاي (۲۰۰۷). وأجري تحليل معايير الترجمة وفق نظرية توري (١٩٩٥). وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن الاستراتيجيات التي استخدمها المترجمان عند ترجمة المحظور اللغوي من اللغة الإنجليزية إلى اللغة العربية هم: الاستبدال، والحذف، والتلطيف، والتصريح، والترجمة الحرفية. كما توصلت الدراسة إلى أن استراتيجية الحذف كانت الاستراتيجية الأكثر شيوعا في الترجمة الصادرة عن دار النشر العربية.

Cinema has always found inspiration in literature through the adaptation of famous literary works into screen. This creative technique is based on the transformation of an artwork into another medium, form or location but this seemingly simple definition implies thorny issues in relation to originality, fidelity, inferiority and authenticity of the adopted texts which very often have to be altered to fit the cinematographic needs and film market. Using the concepts of adaptation and appropriation, this article attempts to study Margaret Atwood's novel The Handmaid's Tale (1985) and its screening as Hulu series (2017 -2022). It aims at comparing the series and its fictional version in order to explore the transformation process made by the show runner Bruce Miller in addition to its impact on the novel's narrative, essence and spirit that were reflected by its author to see whether it stands as an appropriation or adaptation.