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This paper investigates the moral obligations in imagining others in literature. It focuses on J.M. Coetzee's masterpiece The Master of Petersburg. It argues that in this novel, Coetzee uses truth, betrayal, confession, and responsibility to the foreign other to introduce an elusive text that not only challenges but also evades any attempt to fit it into a simple or traditional frame of analysis. Such elusiveness emphasizes the complexity of imaging the foreign other as well as provoking unsettling thoughts about the role of literature as an influential instrument for our moral actions. The responsibility towards the other can be discussed in numerous levels but in this essay, I will discuss the text as semi-biographical. In other words, the discussion will focus on how Coetzee introduces the historical Dostoevsky and how Coetzee responds to such ethical burdens in his task of introducing the fictional and the historical Dostoevsky.

Human beings have been expect and anticipate the unknown, including wishes, ambition, and the future. At times, the future is imagined as bright and hopeful. At other times, the future is expected to be gloomy and ominous. Therefore, human beings deal with the future with fear and skepticism. These fears are justified given the circumstances in the present, including human conduct in general, the conditions of wars, and environmental changes. Since literature recalls the past and tackles the issues of the present, it also expects what will happen in the future by visioning what the future would be. The visions presented in literature motivate the reader to think of other possibilities for the future by amending the present. Usually the future is portrayed through literary works, such as: science fiction, but in Cormac McCarthy's The Road, the future is presented to show the reader that the it is the outcome of the past and the present. The current paper is an ethical critical study of Cormac McCarthy's The Road. It aims to explore the reasons that lead to a dark future in McCarthy's The Road. The paper aims to approach The Road by using Ethical Criticism. The paper also investigates human's reaction to these changes in the future.

The 'butterfly effect' is an underlying principle of chaos theory- a branch of mathematics and physics developed by Edward Norton Lorenz in 1960s- resting on the notion that a small occurrence can influence a complex system. In the same vein, the butterfly effect as an interdisciplinary approach applied to sociohistorical studies describes how seemingly insignificant individual actions can initiate significant sociohistorical consequences within complex systems. Accordingly, the \"butterfly effect\" highlights the agency of individuals and the profound effects their choices can generate. Guided by this principle, the present study aims at exploring the alternate history presented in Kim Stanley Robinson's The Years of Rice and Salt (2002). The novel explores a pivotal point of divergence: what if the Black Death plague had annihilated 99% of Europe's population instead of a third. The Years of Rice and Salt also tries to speculate how the absence of European colonization and imperialism shapes the world, including the rise of new powers and the impact on cultural, political, and scientific advancements. Through the lens of the principle of the \"butterfly effect\", the study attempts to offer a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between sociopolitical conflicts and individual agency within the novel's micro-macro structure and to explore diverse perspectives on how these forces interact, shaping the course of history in this alternate reality.

The present study investigates Emily Bronte's use of subordination as a syntactic in her novel Wuthering Heights. It attempts to show how Emily Bronte's use of the subordination serves to convey the meaning, message and view to the readers of his novel. In this study, the researcher has adopted the analytical approach. The study includes an introduction, a theoretical background about subordination as a syntactic features, an analysis of Bronte's use of the complex sentences in her novel Wuthering Heights, and a conclusion.

This research paper presents the main theme of the revenge of conscience in John Grisham's A Time to Kill (1989) is connected with the law especially when the law is misused by statesmen according to many causes such as an identity problem, judicial, racism, and black people oppression in the American community. The aim of the study is too dependent upon the psychology field according to Freud's personality psychoanalytic theory (1923). The protagonist of the novel who is Carl Lee Hailey (Samuel L. Jackson), decides to take his own right after the law fails to convict the two murderers (Cobb and Willard ) who raped his ten-year-old daughter Tonya Hailey and left her on the brink of death. For this reason, Carl lee decides to take the way of revenge against the two white men for his daughter and racist bigotry spread against every black man at a time when the south of the USA considered blacks as second-class citizens which leads to the psychological struggle in Carl lee Hailey's mind and leads him to take his own right by the revenge of conscientious for the two crimes: raping his daughter and racial oppression.

In this study, The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood's cultural criticism is examined via the lens of acculturation theory. This research has a cross-sectional design and is theoretical. People from different backgrounds who come together experience cultural and psychological changes. Most of these groups have formed a variety of cultural, linguistic, and religious organizations since first coming together. When people are exposed to different cultures, both their own and those they visit, acculturation takes place. Due to issues with immigration, business, and other political issues, people migrate outside of their home nations to acclimate to new cultures, values, languages, and behaviours. Refugees, immigrants, and asylum seekers are highlighted as a result. According to the finds, women are reduced to serving as child-bearing \"vessels\" to save the nation. This tale of a woman under oppression takes place in a world of dictatorship, constant watchfulness, and political manipulation. In both texts, writers depict a dystopia because a sizable section of the population is now infertile due to climate change and pollution.

Character development is highly affected by the experiences people go through in their childhood. Children, who have been exposed to child abuse or neglect usually, suffer from psychological disorders, which often have a long-term effect. Childhood suffering has a serious impact on one's life that may lead to childhood trauma. Victims of childhood trauma have been (re) presented in many literary works, which shed light on their suffering and their attempts at healing. The Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison (1931-2019) often shows through her novels the psychological problems of children and their impact through adulthood. Morrison focuses on the correlation between suffering in childhood and psychological trauma. In God Help the Child, Morrison reveals the trauma of the main character, Bride, as a result of her parents' rejection of her because of her skin color. This paper discusses the impact of childhood trauma on adults' lives as the main theme of God Help the Child. It further investigates how Morrison provides a proper environment for the novel's protagonist, which allows her to attain recovery and self-realization. The paper aims to portray the causes of childhood trauma and its negative impact on the main character. It does this based on Judith Herman's insights in her book Trauma and Recovery.

Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan of the Apes (1912) represents the struggle experienced by many within the imperial scheme or rather the scenario of the establishment of the 'civilized' world: the dilemma of reconciling with two distinct identities while trying to assimilate within the 'Other' community, or conforming to the 'Other' mirror. Through Tarzan's adventurous uprising from savagery to nobility, an allegorical representation of the journey of Man from the darkness of savagery to the light of knowledge, the narrative unfolds various binary discourses one of which is that of Us versus Them. In the light of Lacan's theory of the 'mirror stage' and its role in the formation of the subject's identity, the present paper attempts a reading of the novel in terms of this binary confrontation, which makes the novel an emblematic of western literature that aims to mirror the western imperial legacy. By doing so, the study aims at focusing on the role of imperial narratives in reflecting the colonial ideology. The study also highlights Tarzan's quest for identity which represents the need of many who have long suffered under reconciling their hybrid identities resulting from the colonial experience. This is done through investigating the different visual, textual and cultural mirrors he encounters in his process of evolution.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah intricately explores the racial identities of its protagonists, Ifemelu and Obinze, shedding light on the complexities of their experiences as black individuals navigating different cultural contexts. Drawing on Frantz Fanon's concept of \"white masks\" and \"black skin,\" this paper delves into the ways in which Ifemelu and Obinze navigate their racial identities in the novel. Indeed, Frantz Fanon's concept of \"white masks\" refers to the ways in which colonized individuals adopt the cultural norms and values of the colonizer, often at the expense of their own identities. Fanon argues that colonialism imposes a sense of inferiority on colonized peoples, leading them to internalize the beliefs and attitudes of the colonizer, thereby masking their true selves. Besides, the study portrays gender roles and power dynamics; hence, it explores how characters challenge or conform to societal expectations based on gender. The study also spotlights the implications of these dynamics on relationships, career aspirations, and personal agency. The politics of color are shown in the way black characters are confronting or internalizing racial stereotypes, discrimination, and privilege.