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هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على ظاهرة الفساد. عرضت الدراسة مفهوم ظاهرة الفساد والذي يعد أحد أهم الظواهر التي تترك آثاراً سلبية على أي اقتصاد، وتتعدد أنواعه وأسبابه ومنها ضعف الرقابة الحكومية وشيوع العادات الاجتماعية السيئة. وقُسمت الدراسة إلى مبحثين، عرض المبحث الأول ماهية الفساد، وتضمن مطلبين هما تعريف الفساد، وأنواع الفساد. واستعرض المبحث الثاني أبعاد الفساد، وفيه مطلبين هما مداخل الفساد، والآثار الناجمة عن الفساد. وجاءت نتائج الدراسة مؤكدة على أن الفساد الاقتصادي شكل ظاهرة في معظم الاقتصادات وخصوصاً الاقتصادات النامية مما أثر بشكل كبير على الأداء الاقتصادي من خلال هدر الموارد الاقتصادية وسوء تخصيصها بالشكل الذي يعيق التنمية الاقتصادية، واختلاف أنواع الفساد الاقتصادي وأشكاله حسب تنوه أسبابه، وضعف الجهاز الرقابي والقضائي وعدم توحيد المهام الأساسية له والتهاون مع المقصرين تعد إحدى أسباب عدم المعالجة الجذرية للفساد. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة إعداد مشروع قانون يحمل عنوان مكافحة الفساد والإرهاب، والعمل على محاربة الفقر. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قِبل المنظومة 2022\"

Status and trends of research in the field of Islamic economics (IE) is important to all who care for its progress. The editorial board (EB) of the Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics (JKAU:IE) posed questions in this regard and invited specialists for answers. The questions focused on IE research methodology, diversity, quality, and areas that still have to be covered. This paper focuses mainly on three of the EB questions, besides commenting on Asad Zaman's leading article (Zaman, 2021) presented in response to the invitation of the EB of JKAU:IE. The first among the selected questions is about the main attributes of good quality research in economics and IE in particular. Answering this question requires displaying criteria employed in judging quality standards in economics and seeing how far these can be applied in IE, which is of a particular religious and philosophical nature. The second question is about the availability of well-defined metrics that can provide an objective assessment of the research quality in economics, IE included. Otherwise, assessment of quality would depend on subjective matters such as experience and value judgments. And how far each approach would serve healthy progress of research in IE? This question is obviously inseparable from the first one. Its answer begs a question about IE: could it be classified within sciences that accept welldefined metric assessment or not? IE is a social science that is intensively value-loaded, and evaluation of research quality may need qualitative evaluation in the first place. As for the third question, it revolves around methodology, whether the new trend of quantitative analysis is more suitable for IE research or the descriptive or qualitative analysis? The answer needs to address the development of research methodology in economics, in general, and IE in particular and the factors that favor or disfavor increasing reliance on the quantitative analysis in comparison to the traditional qualitative method.

This paper comments on Asad Zaman's lead paper (Zaman, 2021) in this journal and is divided into three parts. The first part summarizes very briefly my reaction to Zaman's paper, while delving deeper into areas only briefly touched by Zaman, such as the role of physics, and the importance of knowledge. Part two answers this Journal's clarion call to action, by discussing what is at stake, the importance of metrics, and the challenges and opportunities facing Islamic economics. The third part moves us forward using Zaman's endorsement of action-oriented work and actionoriented research as a steppingstone to first recognize, and then overcome the significant obstacles in implementing a viable and reconceptualized economics, one which can adequately provision for all. In this regard, a significant obstacle is juxtaposing concepts as binary opposites, e.g., cooperation versus competition, service versus profit, quantitative versus qualitative. However, these concepts could be better understood as different but having a deeper, more intricate relationship. Viewing ostensible opposites in a non-binary way as complimentary pairs is especially useful in fomenting dialogue and developing empathy (and even a humility) especially with those whom we disagree. And this is especially critical as we move forward in confronting contemporary challenges that human societies face. A lot is at stake, and we have a narrowing window with which to act.

Objective: This research paper examines the relationship that holds between the number of emigrants and population decline in Kuwait because of dropping oil revenue as Kuwait's GDP is 90% dependent on oil industry; population decline is expected to have severe impacts on future planning and policymaking decisions. Methods: This paper applied an Agent Based Model (ABM) in ArcGIS to simulate the extent of the population dec¬line and its impacts on specific suburbs around the State of Ku¬wait in case the oil crisis eventuates between 2020-2050 accor¬ding to six possible scenarios. Results: The study found that districts expected to experience sharp population decline shall be in the commercial areas since they comprise the majority of non- -Kuwaiti residents in Kuwait, who shall be the first to emigrate during a crisis. Conclusion: the Kuwaiti government should re- -evaluate the distribution of its population based on nationality in commercial areas; also, it should prepare a contingency plan in case of a probable oil price collapse in future such as considering a halt on the process of new cities establishments.

For any scientist both the quantity and quality of research are essential in his personal career building. However, for any scientific discipline, the quality of research by the scholars belonging to that discipline is much more important. The matter is of critical importance for emerging sciences such as Islamic economics. It is good quality and innovative research by the proponents of new disciplines that gets them a distinct position in the scientific arena not mere aspirations and emotional slogan mongering. There are attributes of good quality research. However, setting objective standards for their measurement is not always straight forward. Every discipline has its own unique features which must be kept in view while developing or applying such standards. Several indicators are in vogue to measure the quality of research and the subsequent prestige and impact of individual scholars and journals. In this paper we argue that the commonly-used indicators are unfair/unsuitable for the discipline of Islamic economics and finance in determining the prestige and impact of an individual scholar or journal. What we call the 'ISI Hype' has done more harm than benefit for the research quality and trends in the discipline. We attempt to prove our propositions by giving example from the reality on the ground. Based on our findings, we propose some strategies to correct the situation.

The world is facing the most severe economic crisis it has seen in decades. This crisis originated in the financial sector of developed economies and was caused by the problem of subprime mortgages and the collapse of mortgage-backed securities in the United States. The financial crisis had immediate repercussions in developing countries which were closely linked to global financial markets through the flight of capital to safe havens and the rapid flight of capital from emerging market economies to advanced economies, in particular the States. -United. At the same time, the world's population is hit by a food crisis, energy crisis, climate change, poverty and uncertainty about the future. Despite their economic size, the industrialized countries fell into recession. Developing countries will be more affected by this crisis. Trade and investment liberalization erode domestic agriculture and industry. People in developing countries are noticing a decline in development assistance due to financial difficulties around the world. The objective of this article is to propose an initial assessment of the effects of the financial and economic crisis on developing countries and in particular on third Mediterranean countries, the conclusions and the main recommendations.