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Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is an oral disease and the most common oral lesion, with 2% to 66% of the world’s population infected annually. Its prevalence is about 25% in Tehran and 27.6% in Mashhad. The etiology of RAU is multifactorial. Aphthous risk factors include: immunological factors, psychological factors, stress, trauma, sensitivity, family history, blood disorders, malnutrition, and use of certain medications, It should be noted that the best treatment for RAU is the topical application of drugs. The use of topical treatments is recommended not only because the drug can directly impact the source of the disease, but also systemic side effects of the drug are reduced. Treatment of RAU has been considered in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM), and is covered in therapeutic books. The use of herbs in RAU has a centuries-old history; accordingly, extensive research should be conducted for this treatment of the disease. Evidence Acquisition: Iranian medical sources were reviewed and effective plants used in the traditional treatment of RAU were found and compared with new findings. Finally, we have created a table listing the plants that are part of the therapeutic protocol for RAU. Results: Based on this article we can explain some of traditional pharmacological effects of plants and how these plants can be a source for a cure. Conclusions: The plants listed can be used as a prediction of RAU management. Of course, there are is no evidence for curing RAU by some of these plants in allopathic medicine, and the further investigations in this area could lead to the discovery of a new drug

يسلط هذا البحث الضوء على أسرة طبية في مصر في العصر المملوكي ودورها الطبي والحضاري وهي أسرة آل \"ابن صغير\" إحدى الأسر التي عرفت بإسهاماتها العلمية والعملية في مجال الطب ممارسة وتعليما وتأليفا. تميزت أسرة ابن صغير بمكانة مرموقة في تاريخ الطب خلال العصر المملوكي، حيث أنجبت عددا من الأطباء الذين ترأسوا الطب في بيمارستان القاهرة، وكان لهم دور فعال في الحياة الطبية والعلمية آنذاك. وعلى الرغم من قلة المؤلفات الطبية لأطباء بني صغير، إلا أن شهرة العائلة تكمن في أنها قدمت أطباء عالجوا سلاطين المماليك وأمراءهم، ومن أبرز الشواهد على مكانة هذه الأسرة، ما نقل عن أن أحد أفرادها وهو علاء الدين ابن صغير قد تجاوزت شهرته وذاع صيته حتى استدعي إلى الباب العالي في القسطنطينية لعلاج السلطان العثماني بايزيد بن مراد، في دلالة على بلوغ صيت الأسرة الآفاق، الأمر الذي يعكس مكانة الأسرة بين النخب الطبية.

The aim of this paper is to shed some lights on human communications in the time of epidemic from one side, and to critically investigate some ethical challenges confronting either individuals, communities or entities. Epidemic creates new forms of human communications and new unusual procedures through which values such as cooperation, sympathy, sacrifice and care have been submitted to firm exam. Respectively, various debates and arguments calling for universal system of ethics are being examined during epidemic times. The controversy question remains whether or not ethical cosmopolitanism as a system of universal values is valid to be implemented during pandemic. If the answer is not, the question follows, what is the need of ethical cosmopolitanism claims since it is a suspicious claim and is not in use in the most threatening time encountering both individuals and societies. Therefore, this study aims to examine some of ethical cosmopolitanism arguments and to show its tensions when they come to real test in our present world. It concludes that ethical cosmopolitanism is doubtful appeal in pandemic and we need another system of ethics that compromises between what it really exists and conditioned by both time and space from one side and what ought to be transcending both time and space. In the light of that reconciliation, the present paper argues for a new theoretical perspective that may be valid and applied in pandemic. This new theoretical approach what we call transformational ethics.

Objectives: This study aimed to measure the prevalence of Internet use and addiction and determine its association with gender, academic performance and health among medical students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2017 and April 2018 at the College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. The validated Internet Addiction Test questionnaire was distributed by simple random methods to medical students (N = 216) in the pre-clinical phase (first-, second- and third-years). A chi-square test was used to determine significant relationships between Internet use and addiction and gender, academic performance and health. Results: A total of 209 student completed the questionnaire (response rate: 96.8%) and the majority (57.9%) were male. In total, 12.4% were addicted to the Internet and 57.9 had the potential to become addicted. Females were more frequent Internet users than males (w = 0.006). Academic performance was affected in 63.1% of students and 71.8% lost sleep due to late-night Internet use, which affected their attendance to morning activities. The majority (59.7%) expressed feeling depressed, moody or nervous when they were offline. Conclusion: Internet addiction among medical students at Qassim University was very high, with addiction affecting academic performance and psychological well-being. Suitable interventional and preventive measures are needed for proper Internet use to protect students’ mental and physical health.

كان للمسلمين السبق في العناية بالتعليم الطبي من حيث التعليم التطبيقي من خلال البيمارستانات، ونجح المسلمون في تكوين جيل مهم في النشاط الطبي كان له أعظم الأثر في الحضارة الإسلامية، ومن الأمثلة على ذلك البيمارستان المنصوري بالقاهرة، وبناه السلطان المنصور قلاوون في ۱۲۸٤م لتقديم الرعاية الصحية والاجتماعية للمرضى بالمجان إلى تدريس الطب، وظل يمارس دوره في العصر المملوكي واستمر يؤدي دوره خلال العصر العثماني، ونظرا لأهمية هذا الصرح الطبي العلمي في العصر العثماني كان لا بد من إبراز دوره خلال هذه الفترة، لذلك أردت أن يكون موضوعا للبحث، وتقضي الدراسة أن يقسم إلى تمهيد وأربعة مباحث، وتحدثت في هذا العمل عن نشأة البيمارستان وأقسامه والتخصصات العلمية والطبية الموجودة فيه، وتحدثت عن فرشه والنظم التعليمية وطرق التدريس وعن نظام الامتحانات والنظم الإدارية فيه، حيث توافرت فيه الدراسة العلمية والعملية، وكان بمثابة جامعة لتدريس الطب، كما تناولت أيضا طرق العلاج والخدمات الطبية المقدمة فيه التي تقوم على نظام رائع يتناسب مع حالة المرضي النفسية، كما تحدثت عن كيفية صناعة الدواء والعقارات الموجودة فيه، وعن الموارد المالية التي تمثلت في الأوقاف المرصودة عليه خلال العصرين المملوكي والعثماني، ثم ذيلت هذا البحث بخاتمة وقائمة للمصادر والمراجع.