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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a state in which homeostasis of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is improperly regulated by insulin. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of brown algae (Sargassum subrepandum) powder (BAP) on DM and is complications (hyperlipidemia and immune disturbances) induced by alloxan in rats.Thirty six rats were divided into two main groups, the first group (Group 1, 6 rats) still fed on basal diet (BD) and the second main group (30 rats) was with alloxan then classified into five sub groups as follow: group (2), fed on BD as a model control, and groups (3, 4, 5 and 6) fed on BD containing 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 % BAP, respectively. At the end of the experiment (4 weeks), treatment of rats with alloxan, model control group, induced a significant (p≤0.01) increasing in serum glucose concentration by the ratio 165.38% compared to normal control group. Dietary intervention with BAP (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) in rats for 28 days led to significantly (p≤0.05) decreasing the levels of serum glucose which recorded 155.71, 137.08, 108.64 and 91.14% compared to the normal control group, respectively. The rate of decreasing in serum glucose was exhibited a dose- dependent increase with the levels of BAP intervention. Also, BAE was effective in protecting against DM complications including serum lipid profile (TG, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c and VLDL-c) and serum immunological parameters (Alb and TNF-α). Therefore, we recommended like of that algae powder by a concentrations up to 10% to be included in our daily diets, drinks and food supplementation.

The food gap/crisis coincided with the exacerbation of chemically synthetic drugs in most countries of the world. Therefore, the world's attention is directed to the search for untraditional foods and biologically active compounds from natural sources. The present study aims to investigate the Brown algae (Sargassum subrepandum) located on the Egyptian seashores as a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds with important biological/therapeutic roles. Results indicated that carbohydrates were the largest compound (55.83 - 62.19%) followed by crude fiber (11.76 - 15.69%), ash (9.33- 13.06%), total protein (4.74- 5.95%) and crude fat (0.51 -1.07%) in Sargassum subrepandum powder (SSP). Also, polysaccharides were the largest compound ranged 132.45 to 173.7 mg starch equvalent. g-1 followed by phenolics (103.66 to 158.98 mg Gallic acid equvalent. g-1), carotenoids (27.84 to 49.17 mg.g-1), flavonoids (27.11 to 37.98 mg catechin equivalent. g-1) and anthocyanin's (5.91 to 8.03 mg Cyanidin 3-glucoside, CCy3G equivalent.100g-1) in the same samples. This high content of biologically active constituents in SSP has encountered by many significance biological roles such as antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The degree of biological activity was also affected by the difference in the extraction medium, where the organic extracts (methanolic and ethanolic) recorded the highest values of activities, followed by the aqueous ones. The activities degree of organic extracts is coming well i.e. closing to the value of 50 mg α-tocopherol followed by the aquatic extracts. In conclusion, SSP contains different nutrients with high nutritive values and bioactive constituents that are responsible for different biological activities including antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Therefore, we recommended SPP to be included in our daily diets/dishes, drinks, food supplementation and pharmacological formulae.

Samples of eight species of brown algae CystoseiraSp. were collected from a few locations ineastemcoasts of Libya between fall 2017 and spring 2018, to study the biochemical composition of dry samples and their percentage estimates. The soluble sugars were between (40.5-58.6%), proteins (12.5-18.5%), lipids (1.9 -5.0 %), meanwhile percentages of ash were between 22.1 and 41.7% and Iodine (0.48 -0.83%). These results show the economic importance of these algae, while providing nutrients for the herbivores in their environmental niche and community composition.

Brown algae (BA) belongs to the group Heterokontophyta, a large group of eukaryotic organisms distinguished most prominently by having chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes. In Egypt, BA is naturally spread over large areas of marine beaches. The present study aims to determine the chemical composition and bioactive compounds in BA samples collected from the shores of the Egyptian Seas. Also, biological activities of the same BA samples extracts will be studied. Results indicated that carbohydrates were the largest compound (60.59%) followed by Dietary fiber (48.78 %), ash (19.45%), crude fiber (7.14%), total protein (4.02%) and crude fat (0.82%). Also, polysaccharides were the largest compound followed by phenolics, tannins, carotenoids and flavonoids. β-carotene assay (BCA) indicated that ethanol extract (EtE) recorded the highest antioxidant activity followed by methanol extract (MeE) and water extract (AqE). The values of EtE extract are coming well i.e. closing to the line of 50 mg α-tocopherol followed by MeE and AqE, respectively. Also, AqE possessed the highest free radical scavenging activity (FRSA). For Half-maximal inhibitory concentration )IC50(, the AqE, EtE and MeE recorded 19.92, 10.41 and 12.52 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of BHT (standard) was 7.78 μg/mL. The BCA and FRSA of different tested extracts and standards were in the following order: standards (BHT/ α-tocopherol) >EtE >MeE >AqE. In conclusion, Brown algae extracts (BAE) contain several classes of phytochemicals with other compounds that are responsible for different biological activities including antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Therefore, we recommended brown algae powder and/or extracts to be included in daily diets, drinks, food supplementation and pharmacological formulae.

The algal samples were collected from selected three sampling sites of the lake in Bani Walid city. Total of 90 species belong to 4 genera of algae were recorded from three sampling sites throughout the study period. In present study Palmer, (1969) Algal Genus Pollution Index and Algal Species Pollution Index were employed to study the water quality of lake in Bani Walid city. The total score of Algal Genus Pollution Index of sites A, B and C were 12, 30 and 37 respectively. While total score from the Algal Species Pollution Index at site A- 6, site B - 15 while at site C- 17 recorded from the lake in Bani Walid city, Libya. The total score of each site was greater than 12 indicating the confirmed high organic pollution. Considering all the water parameters and pollution index it was clearly shown that the sampling sites B and C were highly polluted than site A. The results of the present study revealed that the water of the lake was affected from human activities and domestic uses. Thus, algal communities were used as bioindicator of organic pollution of lake in Bani Walid city, Libya.