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Three climatic variables, namely daily rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature values, for the period of 30 years from 1988 to 2017, were considered for nine observation stations throughout Sudan. Two methods of Aridity Index (AI) were utilized based on monthly/seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature values to obtain the aridity conditions in Sudan during the study period. Furthermore, the main objective of this study is to measure drought aridity in Sudan. Other objectives are to measure monthly/seasonal or annual aridity and humidity conditions over the same area to identify climatic classification for the nine stations, which are included in this study. Finally, to create a map, which represented all drought, aspects to show the most affected areas throughout the study period and to help decision makers in the natural resources sectors. For this reason, two meteorological drought indices were applied based on climatic variables. Thus, the monthly/seasonal Aridity Index was estimated by using Thornthwaite method, and the study area was classified into five categories, namely, Arid conditions (< 16), are recorded at Atbara and Khartoum around the 30 years, whereas, Semi-arid are observed at Fasher, El Obaied and Kassala during spring, autumn and winter, and Humid conditions (16-31), observed for the same stations in summer. Very humid (> 128), recorded at Kadogli, Genena and Gadarif during summer seasons. The annual AI was applied by using De Martonne method. Therefore, the results outlined into four categories mainly, Arid (values < 5) at Khartoum and Atbara stations, Semi-Arid (values -5) at Fasher and Kassala stations, Sub-Humid (- 10) represented by Genena, Obaied and Kosti and Very Humid (values 30) are represented by Kadogli, and Gadarif. These results indicate that drought in the study area has occurred frequently, and it has spreaded quickly southwards.

This study investigates the ideological and ecolinguistic role of the SUPERNATURAL BEING metaphor in English online news reports on the climate crisis. The data selected for this study are 96 online English news reports issued from 2019 to 2023 on several official English news websites. Employing a mixed-method approach, the data are analyzed quantitatively using AntConc software and qualitatively using Charteris-Black's (2004) Critical Metaphor Analysis and Stibbe's (2015) ecolinguistic model. The findings show that the SUPERNATURAL BEING domain has three subcategories: impacts of climate change are a ghost, wildfires are zombies, and impacts of climate crisis are a monster. ideologically, the supernatural being domain plays a significant role in highlighting the magnitude of the climate crisis and in evoking public fear, while downplaying human responsibility for the climate crisis. Ecolinguistically, this domain is evaluated as destructive due to its framing of the climate crisis as a myth, contributing to climate inaction rather than encouraging solutions to the issue.

The World Meteorological Organization report (2021) indicated that the most climatic factor that affects the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is temperature. Therefore, this study aims to introduce a new accounting mechanism to estimate the potential damages and losses (D&Ls) in the value of Egypt's natural land cover due to the incremental temperature using the accounting appraisal value approach. The comparative analysis of two climate scenarios indicates a potential D&Ls value due to temperature impacts under the protection scenario. It reveals that D&Ls would exist even with mitigation and adaptation efforts but with considerable cost savings as an opportunity cost to be invested in further wealth value creation or retention by land cover, which may reach US$482.3 billion by 2100. We recommend that estimated adaptation costs and protection programs should comprehensively cover all natural land cover types (besides agricultural land) and the related biodiversity to be able to maintain natural capital wealth and reduce the probability of D&Ls.