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In their attempt to move beyond the Enlightenment, Romantic writers formulated a worldview which recreated the theological unity of being on the plane of immanence. This intellectual unity was imposed on the deeply divided Victorian society which was described by Benjamin Disraeli, the British prime minister, as \"the two nations\". Imposing a unified intellectual framework on a sharply divided society without being able to develop it from within is bound to merely cover the division with an ideological smokescreen. This study explores how romantic ideology manifests itself in the dominant form of Romantic realism in the fiction of early Victorian writers. It, then, investigates the dominant form of late Victorian fiction in order to prove that it functions as ideology critique. Romantic fiction in the early Victorian period, on the one hand, attempts to unify the individual and society, man and nature and the different social classes through showing how they are permeated by a unifying spirit. The form of late Victorian tragedy, on the other hand, which shows the opposition between the individual and society, man and nature and the social classes is the result of debunking the faith in unity as merely ideological. When unity is exposed as merely ideological, what remains is the opposition in which the individual is defeated in his struggle against a greater power, creating, thereby, the distinctive form of tragedy. Late Victorian tragedy is, hence, the exposition of oppositions without unification.

The present research probes to explore the limitations from which women suffered in their patriarchal society during the Victorian era. In her three major masterpieces, Charlotte Bronte tends to shed light on women hard circumstances during that time and their struggle for a better living conditions. This study questions the different restrictions that hindered Victorian women development. In order to answer the above mentioned question, the running study adopts a descriptive and analytical method that uses feminist approaches to describe various types of women presented in these novels. Though, women's protests and rational claims for a better life and fair rights of surviving, Victorian women failed to reach their freedom and realize their wishes of independence.

This article is a reflection on the victorian society as described by Charlotte Bronte. It tries to highlight the different evils of English society in the 19th century. Indeed, it shows to what extent the themes of class struggle, solitude, gender, and, finally, social injustice, are « boisterous metaphors » to the writer Charlotte Bronte.

The study aimed to discuss the position of Arabs and Islam in Western culture, concentrating on the British Victorians whose main conception of Arabia concerned the desert and the exotic orient. The increasing political and economic interest of the British government in Arabia led to more focus on Muslim Arabs in the Near East and the Arabian Peninsula, beginning with Napoleon's conquest of Egypt c. 1799, and escalating as Suez and the Ottoman Empire became more intertwined with the British imperialism. Missions and tours for various reasons went to the Near East and the Arabian Peninsula to discover and bring information for the Western Empires specially, the Royal Geographical Society. On the other hand, the growing body of science concerning the Arab world came under the umbrella of orientalism, including all writers, novelists and travelogues concerned with 'the orient'. One of the oriental travellers was Burton, whose mission to visit the two Islamic holy places Al-Madinah and Mecca was a classic and romantic one. Burton's mission was not only to supply his sponsors with geographical and scientific information about Suez, the Arabian Peninsula and the two holy places, but he had other personal motivations that affected his work; Personal Narrative of A Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. Continuously, the study applies investigative, descriptive analysis and critical analysis methods to answer the above questions. The study consists of four sections. Section one presents an introduction in five subsections: problem of the study, hypotheses of the study, significance of the study, methodology of the study and finally, structure of the study. Section two presents Victorians' views of Muslims in three subsections: Victorian thinking and culture in Britain; Islam in the Victorian literature; and Victorian travelogues. Section three comprises a thematic analysis of Burton's Pilgrimage, concentrating on his liberal and ethnographic interests that motivated his imperialism. At the last section, the study discusses the final results, the study limitations and recommendations for the studies about Burton.

Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844- 1889) is the greatest religious poet and Jesuit priest of the Victorian age who was born in London in the rapidly changing time, fundamentals, visions and sights. He wrote many poems such as \"The Windhover\", \"The Wreck of the Deutschland\", \"God's Grandeur\", \"Spelt from Sibyl's Leaves\", \"I Wake and feel the fell of dark, not day\", \"Carrion Comfort\", \"Pied Beauty\", \"Felix Randal\", \"Binsey Poplars\" and \"Thou art indeed just, Lord\" but none of them was published in his life. when he decided to become a Jesuit, he burned all his literary works as he felt that they were against the principles of his Catholic religion. His friend, Robert Bridge kept a copy of his poems and published them in 1918. As a Jesuit priest, Hopkins infused his personal religious devotion into his poetry. The Windhover reflects his intense spiritual connection. For him The Windhover is \"the best thing I ever wrote\". The Windhover is not the love poem which is addressed to any person, (even though \"To Christ our Lord\"), but to the life itself. The Windhover is the masterpiece of Hopkins style, imagery, in which he fuses the beauty of nature with the divine and religious believes. In order to reach his goal, Hopkins used figures of speech, sprung rhythm and different forms of sound patterning. This study is a stylistic analysis of The Windhover from the graphological, phonological, lexical, structural and semantic points of view. The Windhover stands out for its innovative style, vivid imagery, and seamless integration of nature and faith, a combination that distinguishes it from other religious poems.

This study aims to investigate how the English writer Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) addresses the subject of childhood and orphanhood in his works. The main purpose of the study is to examine childhood during the Victorian era, which witnessed a significant \"Industrial Revolution\" with one of its worst aspects being the exploitation of children. Honestly, no novelist has shown the same ability to enter the perspective of children as Charles Dickens, who is the best English writer has written on childhood through the children's characters he dealt with in his novels .The study is founded on the supposition that the Victorian age was often characterized by the exploitation of underprivileged children and orphans, depriving them of possibilities for a fundamental education, preparing and training them to commit crimes, or putting them under duress in areas of vice and this is a route that only ever leads to death or prison. Dickens's works were a harsh condemnation of authority figures, business magnates, and factories during the Industrial Revolution, as well as child labour laws. Children from low-income homes typically worked full-time jobs to help make ends meet. Young children as young as four were often subjected to hazardous working conditions and lengthy shifts in industries. Most of the time throughout the Industrial Revolution, child labour was permitted, but it eventually became prohibited.

The Victorian age saw a notable change in the society and culture. During the Victorian period, Britain was an influential nation with a rich culture. It had a steady government, a growing state. It controlled a large kingdom, and it was wealthy, in part because of industrial revolution and its grand assets. Charles Dickens is the most famous Victorian novelist; he is one of the famed literary personalities in the Victorian phase. Victorian Age was a long period of success in the English history. Dickens concentrated on the social and cultural troubles of his period, his works tell the tales of victimization, to improve social conditions and to help the person who reads to become aware of many of the difficulties of the Victorian humanity. This paper attempts to investigate the social and cultural influence on Victorian novel; taking as a case-study Charles Dickens's Hard Times. The paper highlights how Charles Dickens represents the Victorian society in his literary work Hard Times. The researcher adopted descriptive analytic methods. The sample consists of one literary work written by Charles Dickens focusing on society and culture, and collecting the data from the relevant tools of the previous studies such as the books, journals, and the novels under the study as primary sources. The researcher reached to a finding that society and culture had influenced the literature of the Victorian period and Victorian literary works are considered as a means of social and cultural reform. Hard Times shows the social and cultural setting of English community through the Victorian era. Dickens novels tell the narratives of sufferers; they are printed to reform and progress social situations. Finally the researcher recommends that the literary works should be taught and learnt by the students, so that they can develop both linguistic abilities, and social culture.

تأثرت البنية الثقافية للعصر الفيكتوري بشكل واضح بالآلات الصناعية المستخدمة بالطاقة البخارية فخلف العصر الفكتوري ثروه هائلة من العدد والآلات البخارية التي نظر إليها الفنان نظره تختلف عن الشخص العادي الذي ينظر إليها على أنها مجرد خرده عفا عليها الزمن ليست لها قيمه، فتقوم الباحثة في هذه الدراسة بدراسة البنية الثقافية للعصر الفيكتوري من العادات والتقاليد والأعراف والحياه الاجتماعية، ووضع المرأة في الحقبة الفيكتورية والاقتصادية والزراعة والتجارة والفنون النحت والتصوير والمسرح وغيرها من الفنون ترجع أهميه هذه الدراسة في التعرف على التأثرات الفنية التي نتجت عن تحول البنية الثقافية في العصر الفيكتوري وإضافتها إلى حقيبة الإبداع لتوسيع الدائرة للفنانين والمبدعين ليس في فن النحت فقط بل يشمل المجالات الفنية الأخرى أيضا ومدى تأثير الطاقة البخارية على البنية الثقافية للعصر الفيكتوري التي أثرت على الفنون، وتأثرت حركة الأبداع بالطاقة البخارية الناتجة عن التطور التكنولوجي في الصناعة، ونتيجة لذلك انتشرت الدراسات في العالم الغربي حول الطاقة البخارية وما نتج عنها وتأثيرها على الفنون بوجه عام.