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This research aims to investigate the relationship between board diversity and the financial performance of banks listed on the Beirut Securities Exchange (BSE) and Damascus Stock Exchange (DSE) in Lebanon and Syria, respectively. The study adopts a quantitative approach, employing hypothesis testing and analyzing secondary data from the banks' annual reports over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2019. The analysis includes descriptive statistics and inferential statistical techniques. Furthermore, panel data regression analysis is employed to examine the influence of board diversity variables, specifically the return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA), on the financial performance of the banks. This study examines the impact of board diversity on the financial performance of banks listed on the exchanges in Lebanon and Syria. The findings reveal that gender diversity does not significantly affect financial performance, while age diversity has a positive influence. Education diversity positively impacts the financial performance of banks on the Damascus Stock Exchange but not on the Beirut Securities Exchange. Board experience diversity does not have an impact on financial performance in both countries.

The paper shed light on the causal relationship between financial inclusion, and economic growth in Sudan from 2006 to 2020. The paper seeks to answer the following question: What is the impact of financial inclusion indicators on economic growth in Sudan? Therefore, In order to answer this question, the paper aimed to find out the causal relationship between some indicators of financial inclusion including (the number of ATMs, the number of Sudanese bank branches and the ease of doing business index) in addition to the growth of the Sudanese economy proxies by RGDP to test the causal relationship between the variables of the study, the paper employed the Vector Auto Regression Model (VAR) methodology and also adopted the Angel Granger Causality Test through which the outputs of the Eviews10 showed that the number of bank branches and the ease of doing business index affect the growth of the Sudanese economy, and also showed that there is a relationship between the number of ATMs and economic growth, and accordingly the paper recommended the provision of banking services represented in facilitating the requirements for opening bank accounts as well as facilitating services for obtaining business licenses, in addition to the delivery of banking services to all regions of Sudan.

Under the fiat standard, money is no longer backed by any assets, but rather it is backed by debt. The implication of such a system is the emergence of many socio economic problems. Restoring the value of money has long been a controversial topic, hampered in part by the lack of theoretical and empirical evidences. Therefore, this research aims to develop a Sharīʿah-compliant precious metal backed crypto-currency (PMBC) mechanism. To achieve this, a general product development process is adopted, which consists of four phases involving planning, concept development, system-level design, and testing. In addition, Sharīʿah scholars and financial experts were interviewed to validate the mechanism theoretically. The result of this research was to introduce a Sharīʿah-compliant PMBC where the description and the modus operandi of the PMBC were presented. This research defined PMBC as a digital currency, backed by precious metals that uses strong cryptography. It is designed to fulfill all the functions of money in accordance with Sharīʿah while operating as a peer to-peer payment system. Overall, it was found that all the resources needed to develop and implement PMBC are already available. The scholars and experts interviewed supported the implementation of PMBC, but there are a variety of challenges and reservations.

يستهدف البحث تقييم أثر الاندماج المصرفي على القيمة السوقية لأسهم البنوك في القطاع المصرفي المصري، ولتحقيق أهداف البحث واختبار فروضه تم إجراء دراسة حالة اندماج بنك مصر الدولي (MIB) في بنك قطر الوطني الأهلي (QNB) حيث تم أخذ ثماني سنوات قبل الاندماج وأربع عشرة سنة بعد الاندماج. ولقد توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين القيمة السوقية لأسهم البنوك التجارية العاملة في القطاع المصرفي المصري في حالة الاندماج وحالة عدم الاندماج، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الأداء المالي للبنوك التجارية العاملة في القطاع المصرفي المصري في حالة الاندماج وحالة عدم الاندماج. ولذلك يوصي البحث بضرورة توسيع تجربة الاندماج في القطاع المصرفي المصري بهدف تكوين كيانات اقتصادية ضخمة، مما يعزز من قدرتها على المنافسة في الأسواق المحلية والدولية وزيادة الحصة السوقية، وتحسين مستوى الربحية فضلاً عن تعظيم القيمة السوقية لأسهم البنوك.