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The present study is about the contrastive pragmatic analysis of directives in English and Arabic. It is divided into a theoretical part and case study; the first part highlights the speech act theory, which includes directives, of both abovementioned languages and their ramifications whereas the part dedicated to the case study, where a Qur'anic Arabic Corpus program devised by University of Leeds- United Kingdom (UK) is adopted. Five Qur'anic Ayas embracing directives and 7 Qur'anic Translators were selected to see how far the translators whose translations are selected for the contrastive pragmatic analysis are successful in rendering these functions into the target language. The results of the analysis showed that many Qur'anic translators succeeded to the highest extent in conveying these pragmatic functions of directives into English while few ones failed.

The translation of any literary work is never an automatic process as it always involves many problems. The research tackles the importance of translating character names in literature as one of the most challenging activities that translators face. Names usually have various allusions indicating gender, age, geographical origin, history, specific meaning, playfulness of language, and cultural connotations. The research aims to draw attention to the importance of the cultural elements relevant to the choice of names and their translation. The research starts with a general theoretical background that addresses the translation of proper nouns. Then it discusses the importance of names in shaping the characters and sheds light on the question of whether names carry meaning or not. Following this, the research explains the translation strategies proposed by Jan Van Collie (2006) for translating character names, and the problems faced in translating proper names. The study investigates the different translation strategies used for translating character names in several works with special reference to Madeleine L'Engle's (1962) A Wrinkle in Time. Analysis has revealed that \"reproduction\" is the most frequently used strategy leading to the foreignization of the translated texts. Such foreignization technique, the researcher claims, hinders the appreciation of the work of art as it alienates the reader from the culture of the text.

The same word or utterance could be said in different ways or using different intonational patterns to deliver different meanings and attitudes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinds of misunderstandings caused by the intonational patterns used by non-native speakers of English. The subjects of the study are Egyptian Bedouins living in Dahab in South Sinai. The theories of David Crystal and Peter Roach regarding intonation are the main theories used in the analysis. This research is an attempt to discover the intonational patterns produced by non-native speakers of English and to see to what extent they are distant from the patterns produced by native speakers of English. The utterances of the non-natives are divided and the intonational patterns are studied by a jury that consists of five highly educated native speakers of English language. The data is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and the results are presented in percentage and graphs.

This paper provides a corpus evidence to prove that unless clauses act like exceptive constructions (ECs). Adopting Galal et al (2019) categorization of ECs: paradigmatic ECs (connected/regular exceptive) and hypotactic ECs (free exceptives). The current analysis tries to apply this classification on unless clause to examine its behavior. Corpus evidence shows that unless clauses always display a fixed position in relation to its antecedent just like paradigmatic ECs, however the two constructions differ in that: unless occurs before the antecedent regardless the position of the consequence (q statement), whereas paradigmatic ECs occur after the antecedent. In addition to that, unless allows universal and non-universal quantifiers, but universal quantifiers are more commonly used. Regarding coordinating sequences, unless accepts coordinating like hypotactic ECs. Some statistical analyses of use of unless conditionals in two native corpora: Contemporary Corpus of American English (COCA) and the British National Corpus (BNC), are presented showing that unless is more commonly used in BNC assuming that it is a characteristic of British English. Results demonstrated that this construction is more frequently used in the written proportions of COCA, whereas they are more commonly used in the spoken proportion of BNC. Unless conditionals are more used with a free verb from-combination and rarely used with types II and III (counterfactuals), which agrees with the assumption that unless doesn't occur with counterfactuals.

语言是一种既有静态又有动态的符号系统,是一种具有非系统特征和自我调节功能的音义结合的符号系统。然而,语言的静态发生在动态之后,这使得语言具有明显的非系统性。通常人类的交际活动会导致语言活动对语言规范的多种多样的偏离和变异,从而冲击和破坏语言的系统,所以语言又具有自我调节的功能。因此, 一定程度的不规范是语言进一步发展的前提。 使用语言需要符合语法规则,同时还还追求鲜明、生动和形象等审美特征。为了满足这些需求,在特定的语言环境中就有了打破常规,灵活搭配的现象了。就句子成份来说,这种超常规搭配表现在几个方面:一、动宾超常搭配;二、修 饰语和中心语的超常搭配;三、主谓超常搭配。 需要特别注意的是,运用词语的超常规搭配应该在合理的范围之内,没有合理的部分,即不能增强表达效果,也应视为语法上的搭配不当。 现在出现较多的副词加名词的现象就是打破了副词只能修饰谓语、不能修饰名词这个语法常规。譬如:\"非常、太、很\"等词语,现代汉语中通常做副词,一般以\"非常、太、很\"加形容词\"的形式出现,但\"非常、太、很加名词\"的形式,近年来使用频率越来越高,如非常男女、很男人、 太女人等等。

أعظم العلم هو العلم بالله تعالى، بأسمائه وصفاته وأفعاله وآثاره في خلقه، ومن وسائل العلم بالله تعالى دراسة وفهم ما أخبر به تعالى عن نفسه في القرآن من أسمائه وصفاته وأفعاله، وما أخبر به رسوله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم عنه تعالى، ومن ذلك ما جاء من ذكر صفات الله تعالى على هيئة اسم التفضيل، وقد جاء ذلك في مواضع كثيرة من القرآن والسنة. فهذا البحث يعنى بدراسة ما جاء في نصوص الكتاب والسنة من صيغة اسم التفضيل في الصفات الإلهية، ودلالاتها العقدية، التي يتضح بها معنى اسم التفضيل في الصفات الإلهية حسب القواعد اللغوية المبنية على عقيدة أهل السنة والجماعة. أهداف البحث تتلخص فيما يأتي: ۱-بيان صيغ اسم التفضيل في الصفات الإلهية.، ۲-بيان الدلالات العقدية في اسم التفضيل المتعلقة بالصفات الإلهية.

Within the online learning atmospheres, language learners may confront certain obstacles in learning English grammar. Those obstacles may be associated to psychological factors which represent influential barriers on developing the grammatical knowledge of the EFL learners at the university level. Thus, the aim of the current research is to find out the exact psychological factors that influence the students' grammar knowledge. To achieve that aim, a close-ended questionnaire was designed to investigate the students' responses toward the psychological factors that can influence their grammatical knowledge. The sample of the research was the Iraqi EFL university students at the second year of the academic year (2020/2021) in English Department at the University of Anbar. At the first course, the sample of the participants (n=33) was exposed to online discussion learning activities for thirteen weeks to learn English grammar. At the end of the course, they were asked to respond to the items of the questionnaire. Depending on: T-test formula for one sample; weighted mean and percentage weight of the tenth items of the psychological domain, the collected data were analyzed. Results showed that the priority of some psychological factors like: anxiety, aptitude, attitude, and motivation were prominent and affective within the online discussion environments. Accordingly, these factors are necessary to be explored and governed within the language learning process in general and online learning in particular to get better students' performance.

The 21st century witnesses tremendous technological and organizational advances in world's economy and societies. This has left a great impact on translation and translation studies. Corpus is a machine-readable representative collection of naturally occurring language assembled for linguistic analysis accessible with software such as, concordances that can find list and source of linguistic patterns. It lays the foundation of Corpus linguistics which makes it possible for translators and translation studies to make use of large quantity of stored data on computers for examining target language translations. Computer corpora includes spoken/ written, casual/formal, fiction/ non-fiction texts representing various demographic areas. The study aims at familiarizing student of translation and translators with the methods and practical applications of computer corpora in various fields of language use. The study reveals that Corpus data are essential for accurately describing various samples of language by showing how lexis, grammar and semantics interact to serve appropriate translation output.

يدرس هذا البحث الشاهد الشعري في كتاب شذا العرف في فن الصرف، وهو موضوع بحاجة إلى الجمع والدراسة لمعرفة تفسير الحملاوي الشواهد الشعرية وإثبات القضايا الصرفية بها، ويمثل الحملاوي أحد علماء اللغة في العصر الحديث، وقد نال مؤلفه مصدر الدراسة الذيوع، وبلغت شهرته الآفاق؛ لكونه مرجعا أصيلا لدارسي اللغة. وقد احتذى فيه مؤلفه نهج القدماء، فجاءت الشواهد الشعرية فيه إما لبيان اطراد قاعدة صرفية أو شذوذها عن المألوف، وإما لتوضيح بنية كلمة، وإما لإثبات قاعدة صرفية، كما أنه اكتفي في أكثر شواهده الشعرية التي بلغت سبعة وثمانين شاهدا بذكر (وقوله)، أو (وقول الشاعر) من غير نسبتها إلى أصحابها كعادة المؤلفين القدماء. وفي سياقات الشاهد الشعري وأشكال مجيئه في الكتاب فقد تنوع، واختلفت صوره التي ساقها مؤلفه، فهو إما في بيت واحد للقاعدة محل الاستشهاد، وإما في بيتين اثنين، وإما في شطر بيت له تمام غير مذكور، وإما شاهد مشطور تنوع بين الواحد إلى الثلاثة.