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Cognitive radio is being intensively researched as the enabling technology for license-exempt access to the so-called TV White Spaces (TVWS), large portions of spectrum in the UHF/VHF bands which become available on a geographical basis after digital switchover. Both in the US, and more recently, in the UK the regulators have given conditional endorsement to this new mode of access. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in technology, regulation, and standardisation of cognitive access to TVWS. It examines the spectrum opportunity and commercial use cases associated with this form of secondary access.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of corn gluten (0 and 9%) supplementation to low quality roughages (date palm frond, reeds, corn cobs and barley straw) treated with 5% urea on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility,The treatments were incubated for 0,20 and 30 days at ambient temperature (30-37 C°).The results showed that nitrogen content, cellulose, metabolizable energy(ME) dry matter InVitro digestibility (IDMD) and Organic matter InVitro digestibility (IOMD)were increased significantly (P<0.01).The dry matter (DM),organic matter(OM) ,neutral detergent fiber (NDF),hemicelluloses, Lignin and pH were significant decrease (P<0.01) in date palm frond by treated with urea and corn gluten.Nitrogen content, total digestible nutrients (TDN), ME, IDMD and IOMD had more(P<0.05) for corn cops treated with urea and corn gluten than un treated. The DM, OM,NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and pH in corn cobs by treated with urea and corn gluten were Significant decreased (P<0.01). On the other hand, treated reeds resulted in increasing (P<0.01) in nitrogen content, hemecellulose, IDMD, IOMD, TDN and ME, and decreasing (P<0.01) in NDF, cellulose and ADF content. The result indicated that total nitrogen, IDMD, IOMD, ME and TDN improved significantly(P<0.01) by treated barley straw while OM content was decreased(P<0.01(.Furthermore the best incubation time which gave better improve nutrient value was associated with 20 and 30 days incubation time. We conclude from this study that it is possible to improve the nutritive value of low quality roughages by treated with urea and supplemented with corn gluten.

One new series of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) Schiff base complexes was prepared through the condensation reaction between 1-phenylindoline-2,3-dione with isonicotinohydrazide followed by metalation, respectively. The Schiff base ligand(L), (E)-N′-(2-oxo-1-phenylindolin-3-lidene)isonicotinohydrazide, and its complexes were found soluble in DMF and DMSO solvents and characterized by using the modern analytical and spectral techniques such as elemental analysis, conductivity, magnetic moments, IR, NMR, UV-visible, Mass, CV, and EPR. The elemental analysis data of ligand and their complexes were well agreed with their calculated values in which metal and ligand stoichiometry ratio 1 : 2 was noted. Molar conductance values indicated that all the complexes were found to be nonelectrolytes. All the complexes showed octahedral geometry around the central metal ions. Herein, we better characterized DNA binding with the complexes by UV-visible and CD spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The DNA cleavage experiments were carried out by Agarose gel electrophoresis method and the cytotoxicity experiments by MTT assay method. Based on the DNA binding, cleavage, and cytotoxicity studies, Cu and Ni complexes were found to be good anticancer agents against AGS-human gastric cancer cell line.

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common types of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. Nephrotic syndrome is an uncommon presentation of IgAN. To evaluate the clinico-pathological features and treatment response of nephrotic IgAN, we prospectively studied 20 nephrotic children with biopsy-proven IgAN at our center from August 2009 to December 2012. The histopathological characterization of IgAN was carried out with the HAAS classification. The demographic profile, clinical presentation, initial laboratory, biopsy findings and treatment response were analyzed. The mean age was 6.7 years. The most common indication of renal biopsy was steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome associated with microscopic hematuria (65%) and hypertension (25%). The majority of cases were classified as HAAS-III stage. Fifteen cases responded to oral cyclosporine-A, four cases to oral cyclophosphamide and one to mycophenolate mofetil. Complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome was achieved in 90% (18/20) cases within 3 months of initiation of therapy. Two cases that had partial remission were in the HASS-II and III stages. We conclude that the majority of children with nephrotic IgAN responded to oral cyclosporine-A. However, a larger cohort and longer duration follow-up are required to confirm our results.