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The variety known as loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) is subtropical in nature. The primary cultivators of loquat are China and Spain. It has a substantial nutritional composition, that is high in minerals, organic acids, vitamins, and carbohydrates. Moreover, a variety of bioactive substances, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, and phenolics, are abundant in loquat. These substances exhibit various biological properties, including cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Numerous investigations carried out in vitro and in vivo have shown that loquat may have health benefits. To establish a link between the bioactive compounds and their biological activities, more research is necessary, thereby augmenting our understanding of the properties of this plant.

The present study aims to determine the chemical composition, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant capacities of five watermelon cultivars distributed in Egyptian local markets; Giza 6 (G6W), Chilian (ChW), Seedless (SW), Yellow (YW) and Elongated (EW). Moisture content was ranged from 89.4 to 91.81%, YW recorded the highest values of moisture content and lowest values of carbohydrate (6.56%). Protein content ranged between 0.97 and 1.15% in all selected watermelon verities, also SW had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher values of ash, fat and AA which recorded 0.49, 0.32 and 56.57% respectively than other samples. All red- fleshed watermelons such as SW, G6W, EW and Ch W recorded high levels of vitamin C which 8.44, 7.5, 5.55 and 4.22 mg/100g respectively. ChW was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher values of lycopene 121.06 mg/100g, while YW had the lowest values of vitamin C (2.75 mg/100g) and lycopene (5.09mg/100g). There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences among cultivars for total phenol ranged from 452 to 286 mg/100gfw and flavonoids content from 91.33 to 22.33 mg/100g fw. ChW has lower values of total phenol and flavonoids (P≤ 0.05) than other watermelon cultivars, while SW recorded the highest values of total phenols and antioxidant activity (452 mg/100g and 56.57%) respectively. In conclusion, results of this study refer to the possibility of focusing on different types of watermelon fruits as a good source of bioactive compounds such as lycopene, vitamin C, total phenol and anti-oxidant which could be beneficial to human health.

The present study aims to determine the chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and bioactive compounds content of oat (Avena sativa) flour and its effects on obesity complications in rats. Oat flour had 10.33, 12.45, 6.63, 3.71, 2.06 and 64.82 percent moisture, total protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, and carbs, respectively. Additionally, total energy (Kcal/100g), adult man's daily requirements for protein (GDR/protein) and energy (GDR/energy), and percent satisfaction of adult man's daily requirements in protein (P.S./protein) and energy (P.S./energy) were 368.75, 506.02, 786.44, 15.81, and 10.17, respectively. Furthermore, bioactive compounds content of oat flour indicated that dietary fiber (g.100g-¹), β-glucans (soluble fiber) (g.100g-¹), phenolics (mg Gallic acid equivalent. 100 g-¹), flavonoids (mg catechin equivalent. 100 g-¹) and carotenoids (mg.100g-¹) were 12.44, 4.46, 3.35, 2.36 and 4.97, respectively. The oat flour samples also recorded several very high biological activities which include antioxidant and radicals scavenging activities. The bioactive components content and biological effects of oat flour have played an essential role in obesity prevention and treatment efforts. As a result, the current study suggests that oat flour be included in our everyday meals and as a food supplement.

The present study aims to determine the chemical composition, physical properties, nutritional value, bioactive compounds content and biological activities of the gum Arabic (Acacia seyal) collected from Sudan Republic. The extractive value for gum Arabic (GA) in different organic solvents was very low (0.065- 1.942%) while very high in water (16.052- 16.921%). The contents of moisture, total protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates content of GA were 10.32, 2.87, 0.15, 81.45, 2.63 and 2.85%, respectively. Also, the total energy (Kcal/ 100g), the daily requirement of adult man for protein (GDR/ protein) and energy (GDR/ energy), percent satisfaction of the daily requirements of adult man in protein (P.S./ protein) and energy (P.S./ energy) which recorded 23.15, 2195, 12527, 4.56 and 0.80, respectively. Furthermore, bioactive compounds content of GA powder indicated that polysaccharides were the most largest compound (211.53 ± 10.43mg starch equvalent. g-¹) followed by phenolics (43.98 ± 1.76 mg Gallic acid equvalent. g-¹), and flavonoids (10.23 ± 0.34 mg catechin equivalent. g-¹). Also, GA was e richen in dietary fiber (74.45 ± 3.21g/ 100g). The samples also recorded several very high biological activities, which include antioxidant and radicals scavenging activities. Such important bioactive compounds content and biological effects of GA could play important roles in strategies to combat/ treat many diseases, especially those for which oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms for its occurrence i.e. obesity, diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis etc. Therefore, the present study recommended like of that GA powder and/ or extracts to be included in our daily diets, drinks, food supplementation and pharmacological formulae.

The present study was aimed for examine the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of three fruits by-products (banana peels (BPP), pomegranate (PGPP) and prickly pear PPP) in Egypt. The total dietary fiber content for all fruit by - products PGPP - PPP - BPP was ranged 26.06 - 34.76 g.100g-1, total phenolics was 516 -1267 mg GAE.100 g-1 and total carotenoids were 146.25- 219.11 mg.100g-1. The BPP recorded the highest content of total dietary fiber followed by PPP, mixture and PGPP respectively while PPP the highest in carotenoids and PGPP registered high content in Total phenolic. The fruits by-product PGPP- PPP- BPP extracts indicated that large differences in antioxidant activity (AA, %) was ranged 74.96 - 89.16 %. PGPP showed strong antioxidant activity followed by mixture, BPP and PPP respectively. The results showed that BPP recorded high content of protein, crude fiber and ash 3.64, 28.43 and 3.42 respectively While PGPP recorded high level of Moisture 10.76 and PPP have the highest content of Carbohydrates73.87. In conclusion, result of the current study disclosed that fruits by-products (PGPP-PPP-BPP) can be useful sources of valuable bioactive compounds and antioxidants expand their main uses in nutritional, curative applications and many health benefits.

The current work was designed to study the effects of turmeric rhizome powder on liver disorders induced by Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] in rats. Treatment of animals with B(a)P caused a significant increased (p ≥ 0.05) in AST (72.71%), ALT (116.67%) and ALP (238.41%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with turmeric powder (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 g/ 100 g) prevented the rise of mean serum AST, ALT and ALP activities. The same behavior was recorded for MDA, the biomarker of oxidative stress in cells, levels in serum and xenobiotics metabolizing enzyme i.e. cytochrome p450 in hepatocytes. The opposite direction was recorded for the glutathione fractions (biological macromolecules antioxidant) in serum. These results supported our hypothesis that turmeric powder contains several categories of bioactive compounds that are able to prevent/inhibited the B(a)P induced liver disorders through liver serum enzymes lowering activity, decreasing rate on the formation of serum MDA, decreasing the activity of xenobiotics metabolizing enzyme i.e. cytochrome p450 and increasing the levels of glutathione fractions in serum. Therefore, the present study recommended turmeric by a concentration up to 2% to be included in our daily diets, drinks and food products.

This study was conducted to find out the effect of use wasted grape seeds powder (GSP) to increase and improve the nutritional value of chocolate biscuit product which added to them. The grape fruits were washed well under running water to remove dust and sediment attached to them, then the seeds were removed from the grapes, they were washed well, drying in shade, ground in a high mixer blender and sieved 750 μm mesh to obtain a GSP 73%. GSP was chemically analyzed, and incorporated into chocolate biscuits in three different levels, 10, 20 and 30% as a potential source of bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants. The results indicated that GSP content was 6.71% moisture, 9.07% protein, 10.52% fat, 31.22% fiber, 2.83% ash and 39.65 % Carbohydrates. GSP was recorded 289.56 Kcal/100g of energy, and chemical analysis indicated that GSP contains high levels of several minerals such as Ca, K and Mg about 701 ,475 and 122 mg/100g respectively. Leucine recorded the higher score 6.62% in GSP, while tryptophane recorded the lowest 2.00%. Phytochemical analysis of GSP of flavonoids, phenols and antioxidant activity in EtOH, MeOH and water extract recorded high scores in EtOH extract 23.89 mg/g, 321.56 mg GAE/g and 243.81 mg/mL respectively. The three different levels chocolate biscuit had a high approval rating, which shows its potential as a good addition to traditional flour.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel, a by-product of juice processing industries was reported to contain a series of bioactive compounds. This study was undertaken to investigate the putative antioxidant activity of the dried pomegranate peel and their extract clinically in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced liver damage in male rats was used. Intraperitoneal administration of CCl₄ (2 ml/kg) to rats for 4 days resulted in significantly elevated (P ≤ 0.05) serum levels of liver enzymes compared to controls. In consequence, significant elevation (P ≤ 0.05) of malondialdehyde (MDA) and a lowered level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed. When rats with CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity were treated with the dried grape leaves and their water extract, the serum GOT, GPT and ALP levels reverted to near normal. Concurrently, the hepatic concentration of GSH was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) and that of MDA significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lowered when compared to CCl₄ exposed untreated rats. Histopathological studies confirmed the hepatoprotective effect profounded by the extracts. These results suggest that pomegranate peel extract is able to significantly alleviate the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl₄ and can protect liver against some pathological diseases.