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This study aims to assessment of the inhibition effect of alcoholic extractors of Aushar plant some parts (leaves, fruits and stems) , on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. the Soxhlet apparatus used for extraction, use the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts, to determine inhibition zones for different parts of plant extracts used Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) . The results show that all parts of the plant under study contain chemicals that can be used to inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) includes a diverse range of diseases associated with hypo- or insensitive insulin secretion. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the antihyperglycemic effects of alcoholic extract of leaves of Juniperus Phoenicea and Crataegus azarolus leaves in streptozotocin- stimulated diabetic rats (STZ, intraperitoneal, 65 mg kg¹). Thirty six rats (Sprague-Dawley) that weights (200±10 g) were divided randomly into six equal groups. Group (1) and group (2) were kept as negative and positive controls (- and +), respectively. Group (3) and group (4) were orally given the Juniperus Phoenicea extract in 200 and 400 mg kg B.wt.day doses, respectively, whereas group (5) and group (6) were orally given the Crataegus azarolus extract in 200 and 400 mg kg B.wt day doses, respectively, for a month. Finally, when the experiment was ended, a biological evaluation was determined. Blood glucose, serum insulin, heart enzymes, liver function, lipid profile, kidney function, and TNF-a were estimated in serum. In pancreas tissue, GSH, SOD and MDA were evaluated, as well as the chemical composition of herbs. The results exhibited that the alcoholic extract of Juniperus Phoenicea and Crataegus azarolus leaves significantly increased the biological evaluation normalized serum levels of liver functions, kidney function, enhanced the lipid profile, lessened blood glucose, heart enzymes and MDA and increased levels of insulin, GSH and SOD than those of control diabetic rats. This work suggests that Juniperus Phoenicea and Crataegus azarolus leaves extracts administration can decline blood glucose levels and the occurrence of various problems resulting from hyperglycemia.

تتعرض المنتجات الغذائية وخاصة منتجات الألبان الغنية بالدهون إلى التلف أثناء الخزن بسبب تفاعلات الأكسدة ونواتجها التي تؤدي إلى خفض قيمتها الغذائية وتغير صفاتها الحسية كاللون والطعم والنكهة (الموسوي وآخرون، 2012)، استخدمت في الدراسة مستخلصات نباتية كمضادات أكسدة طبيعية ودراسة إمكانياتها في المحافظة على الحليب لأطول فترة ممكنة، إذ أن استعمال مضادات الأكسدة الطبيعية المستخلصة من كافة أجزاء النبات كالبذور والثمار والأوراق في حفظ الأغذية أصبح مصدرا مهما للصحة والسلامة ( 2017,Che et al.). استخدمت في الدراسة مستخلصات نبات الخرنوب Ceratonia siliqua (بذور/ أوراق) والتابع إلى العائلة البقولية Fabaceae بإضافتهم إلى الحليب البقري الخام ومن ثم إجراء مجموعة من الفحوص، وضحت النتائج أن الرقم البيروكسيدي قد أرتفع في عينة السيطرة ليصل إلى الحدود الحرجة، أما المعاملات المضاف إليها مستخلصات فقد حافظت على رقم بيروكسيدي طبيعي طيلة مدة الخزن، أدت إضافة مستخلصات نبات الخرنوب بذور وأوراق إلى خفض متوسط قيم الأحماض الدهنية الحرة مقارنتا بعينة السيطرة التي سجلت قيم أعلى، كما حافظت جميع المعاملات المضاف إليها المستخلصات على رقم هيدروجيني طبيعي حتى اليوم السادس من الخزن، أما عينة السيطرة فوصلت في اليوم الثالث إلى الحدود الحرجة لترتفع في اليوم السادس وتخرج الحدود الطبيعية، توصلت النتائج إلى انخفاض قيم الحموضة الكلية لمعاملات الحليب المضاف إليها المستخلصات وبزيادة التركيز، أما خلال الخزن فقد حدث ارتفاع قليل في الحموضة الكلية لمعاملات الحليب بالمستخلصات النباتية المستخدمة مقارنتا بقيمة الحموضة لعينة السيطرة، أما الفحوص الميكروبية فقد بينت أن مستخلص الأوراق كان أفضل من مستخلص البذور في المحافظة على أعداد بكتيرية طبيعية، بينت نتائج التقييم الحسي أن الحليب المضاف إليه مستخلص بذور نبات الخرنوب قد لاقى استحسانا أكثر من عينات الحليب المضاف إليه مستخلص الأوراق وعينة السيطرة التي حصلت على أقل الدرجات وبكافة مواصفات التقييم.

There are many plants which are used as herbs by many people such as Laurus nobilis and Elettaria cardamomum. The purpose of this study was to find out protective alcoholic Extract's effect of Laurus nobilis and Elettaria cardamomum on hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in experimental rats. 30 healthy adult rats of male albino weighing (150±10 g) were used and divided into 6 equal groups, one of them was kept as a negative control, Group (2): was fed on basal diet as a positive control group, All groups were fed on basal diet + orally doses of herbs as the following: (3 and 4) treated with Laurus nobilis extract 100 and 200 mg/ Kg b.w. respectively ; (5 and 6) treated with Elettaria cardamomum extract 100 and 200 mg/ Kg b.w. respectively Once a day for twenty- eight days on twenty -one day, during the administration of the respective treatments, all animals of groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6were administered with paracetamol 400 mg/kg orally for one week. At the end of experiment, biological evaluation was calculated. Liver enzymes, bilirubin, proteins and lipid profile were determined in serum. In liver tissue (GPX, SOD, CAT, MDA and α -TNF) were determined. Livers of rats were histopathologically examined. The results showed that alcoholic extract of Laurus nobilis and cardamomum improved biological evaluation, liver functions, and antioxidant enzymes compared with positive control groups. It could be concluded that take Laurus nobilis and cardamomum have markedly protected against the harmful effects of paracetamol on liver.

Artemisia Herba - Alba is the one of the most important genus of Asteraceae family. It has numerous values because of medicine properties. Artemisia Herba - Alba has numerous application in traditional medicine from ancient times. In this research, antimicrobial effects of leaf aqueous, alcoholic extracts and essential oil of Artemisia Herba - Alba against Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1431 and Escherichia coli PTCC 1399 were studied, using agar disc diffusion method. Methanol and ethanol extracts obtained from leaves of A. Herba - Alba exhibited antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms. In addition Artemisia herba-alba essential oil was inhibitory effects against all studied pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba had the most inhibition diameter zone in Staphylococcus aureusthan E.coli (25-17mm successively). Therefore in this research we showed that the positive gram bacteria are more sensitive than negative gram bacteria. our results indicate the possibility of using essential oil in the treatment of bacterial infections, and the results of this study was encouraging, despite the need for clinical studies to determine of the real effectiveness and potential toxic effects in vivo.

Nowadays, medicinal plants used in folk medicine are increasingly studied and used on pharmaceutical, food and nutraceutical fields, wormwood Artemisia herba -alba is one of traditional medical characterized by scientists of preservation its wealth in different composition which led to the definition of several chemotypes the main objectives of this work were to evaluate the antioxidant activity of aerial part of wormwood, the plant had been refractive index of the order of 0.911 and 1.66.The qualitative and quantitive phytochemicals detected were alkaloids, tannis, saponin, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates in moderate amount (12.8, 9.42, 10.65, 6.8 and 11.5) respectively. Antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract the weeds was determined against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the results revealed a potential antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, The activity of ethanolic extract had been highest an Minimal inhibitory concentration of 50 mg mlˉ¹against Staphylococcus aureus had 4.7 cfu mlˉ¹, and lowest in E.coli had 2.8 cfu mlˉ¹. The results it could be extracted that wormwood possesed an interesting effects and had been promising use as a natural source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

1. The study objectives: this study was constructed to investigate the anticonvulsant, Sedative effects and possible hepatotoxic effects of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme). 2. Methods and materials: Pharmacological experiments were as follows; anticonvulsant activity against pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ) and maximal electroshock- (MES)- induced convulsions and sedative potential using simple activity meter. All tests were done on rats. 3. The results: In this study, ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris have no effect on MES- and PTZ- induced convulsions. Regarding sedative activity test using simple activity meter; ethanolic extracts of Thymus vulgaris showed high sedating effect (P<0.0001) in comparison with control group. In one part of this investigation, the combined treatment of plant extract with valproic acid (VPA) was studied. Combination treatment of (Thyme + VPA) produced full protection against convulsions induced by PTZ. In MES- induced convulsions combined (Thyme +VPA) was found to cause 33% protection. On the other hand, sedative potential of the combination treatment was also increased. Hepatotoxicity studies showed that Thymus vulgaris affected the serum level of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). 4. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the combination treatments of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris with VPA have anticonvulsant on PTZ and MES models. Plant extract have sedative effect.

تم اختبار التأثير التطفيري لأربعة تراكيز تحت سامة هي (1000، 1500، 2000، 2500) مايكروغرام/ مل من المستخلص الكحولي لبذور نبات الحرمل على كونيدات الفطر Aspergillus amstelodami باستخدام طريقتين، طريقة المعاملة المسبقة pretreatment method وطريقة النمو الوسيط growth mediated method. أظهرت نتائج الطريقتين للتراكيز الأربعة المدروسة معدل تكرار الطفرات الجينية المستحثة بالمستخلص الكحولي والمقاومة للنظير 8-Azaadenin. وقد بين التحليل الإحصائي لنتائج الطريقتين باستخدام اختبار t عند مستوى احتمالية 0.05 وجود فروقات معنوية بين متوسط تكرار الطافرات المستحثة بالمستخلص مقارنة بالمعاملة السالبة (الطفرات التلقائية) وهذا يدل على وجود قدرة تطفيرية واضحة للمستخلص الكحولي لبذور الحرمل على الفطر A. amstelodami.

The current study aimed to preparation of an aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Melia azedarach L.leaves .The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was tested against four strains of bacterial isolates, two of them were Gram-positive, namely Staphyloccocus aureus NCTC6571 standard strain and Staphyloccocus aureus strain from some clinical patients. And other were Gram-negative, namely Escherichia coli ATCC25922 a standard strain and Pseuedomonas aeroginosa clinical strain isolated from some patients. Drug sensitivity test to clinical strains was also tested toward Psuedomonas aeroginosa, Staphyloccocus aureus) to Ciproflaoxacin, Cefoxitin, Strepomycin, Cefoxitin. The clinical bacterial strain Pseuedomonas aeroginosa showed resistance 100% to all antibiotics used in the experiment, while the Staphyloccocus aureus was sensitive to four antibiotics: Ampicillin, Ciproflaoxacin, Ampicillin, and Strepomycin. The current study showed the superiority of the alcoholic extract in inhibiting standard and clinical strains, including antibiotic resistance, while the aqueous extract did not show any inhibitory activity against any of the clinical bacterial, and cytotoxicity was tested using human red blood cells(RBC) , where the results showed the absence of any Cellular toxicity for all concentrations used in the experiment, so the current study recommends the possibility of using the alcoholic extract of the rosary plant as drug alternatives after conducting cytotoxicity tests and drug dose (LD50) on the mentioned extract.