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While previous studies on gaze have been influential in elucidating power dynamics, Gloria Jean Watkins' (bell hooks') concept of the oppositional gaze uniquely addresses the intersection of gender, race, and class in the representation of Black women. This study offers a novel application of hooks' theory to literary analysis by examining Jamaica Kincaid's novel Lucy-a work that has yet to be fully explored through this framework. By investigating Lucy's oppositional gaze, this study reveals how Kincaid's protagonist actively resists dominant ideologies, redefines her identity, and critiques racialised and gendered power structures. This research contributes to feminist, postcolonial, and literary studies by demonstrating how Lucy's perspective challenges binary oppositions and provides a powerful lens for understanding marginalised experiences. Ultimately, this study expands the application of the oppositional gaze beyond visual media, highlighting its relevance in literature and its potential to reshape discussions on representation, agency, and empowerment.

The study examines the complex relationship between perception design and gender attribution in the context of the Algerian market, specifically within the shower gel industry, using the Gestalt theory as a guiding framework. The research involves a two-phase investigation: a first quantitative study to categorize shower gel bottles based on design similarity (s), and a second quantitative survey to explore gender perception based on design elements. The findings reveal a significant influence of perception design on gender attribution. Algerian consumers categorize shower gels based on visual aspects \"form and colour\", consistently linking them to perceived gender. Male and female respondents demonstrate similar trends in design perception, although there are differences in the intensity of gender association.

The dreadful increase in death rates caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, deadly diseases and accidents are all issues that make people give condolences more than ever, and here comes the need to master the speech act of giving condolences to the EFL teachers. However, English teachers have not been called upon to give condolences, particularly in terms of gender. The objective of this study is twofold: (1) To identify the most common strategy by Iraqi EFL teachers and (2) to examine gender variations among these teachers. To this end, a production task was adapted from two related studies. The data were elicited from 39 male and 39 female English language teachers enrolled in the academic year 2020-2021. MS Excel and SPSS were utilized for descriptive and statistical analyses. The study yielded that the females significantly gave more sympathetic, empathetic, suggestive and advising, and combined condolences while the males significantly gave more offering assistance condolences probably based on expressions from their first language.

Using traits from the Bem Sex Role Inventory, this cross-cultural study examined young adults' perception of masculine and feminine traits and adherence to traditional gender roles within same-sex friendships in Egypt and the United States. Based on more traditional cultural norms (Mensch, Ibrahim, Lee & El-Gibaly, 2003) and the group influence of same-sex peers (Fathelbab, 2004; Korienko, Santos, Martin, & Granger, 2016), gender role adherence was predicted to be more pronounced in Egyptian sample than in the U.S. sample. Specifically, we expected male participants to endorse greater conformity to masculine gender roles and female participants to endorse greater conformity to feminine gender roles in Egypt. Contrary to predictions, men and women in Egypt reported less adherence to traditional gender roles in their friendships than in the U.S., particularly for traits identified as being feminine. These results suggest Egyptian social norms may allow for more flexibility in the expression of gender related traits. Future research is needed to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between culture and gender that goes beyond stereotypes associated with being traditional versus Western.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة أثر متغير النوع على أهمية الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجتمع الإمارات، وتم استخدام المنهج الإحصائي، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (۱۰۰۰) مِنْ العاملين في وزارة الداخلية بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال عينة غرضية غير احتمالية، وأظهرت النتائج أن مجال أهمية الذكاء الاصطناعي جاء بمتوسط حسابي (۲,۷۹) بدرجة مرتفعة، وجاء مجال جودة الحياة الأمنية بمتوسط حسابي (٢,٨٥) بدرجة مرتفعة. وبينت النتائج عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات أفراد العينة في مجال جودة الحياة الأمنية تبعا لمتغير (الجنس)، بينما توجد وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات أفراد العينة في مجال (أهمية الذكاء الاصطناعي، والدرجة الكلية للمقياس)، تبعا لمتغير (الجنس)، وجاءت الفروق لصالح الذكور.

From the 1990s onwards, gender mainstreaming in public policies started to become an institutional concern under the impetus of the UNDP. It was during this period that the first gender mainstreaming initiatives were undertaken. This is how a process of gender mainstreaming in development policies and programmes began. The Algerian state has adopted a range of programmes and policies to address gender inequalities. These include broad measures at the macro and sectoral levels to address inequalities through the combined actions of policies and institutions.Algeria has engaged in this exercise with the National Human Development Reports.

Each stage of international criminal jurisprudence has been shaped by specific circumstances that have influenced international criminal punishment. This jurisprudence was initially characterized by the political context that accompanied the establishment of temporary international criminal tribunals, which sparked extensive debates regarding the validity of their sentences. In the end, the international community established a permanent judicial mechanism that was tasked with dealing with the most serious crimes committed on a global scale, bringing those responsible to justice regardless of their status, and preventing impunity. This framework for international criminal penalties is based on a commitment to penal legitimacy and advancing an impartial and equitable international criminal justice system.

This study aimed to explore the main gender identity-related themes reflected in humorous Facebook memes and how they differed across gender groups. The study adopted a socio-cognitive discursive view of gender as a social identity. The principles of the theory of gender and power allow to shed the light on the mechanism behind the construction of gender identity as a two-way dynamic process influenced by the gender order including the definitions of masculinities and femininities, and affecting it as well through users' active agency in challenging or supporting the hierarchal gender order. A thematic analysis of 72 memes created by both male and female creators revealed 10 key themes related to the socio-cognitive construction of gender identity for both men and women. Many of the identified themes depicted negative characterizations of both men and women, which could be attributed to in-group favoritism dynamics according to social identity theory. Interestingly, these negative portrayals emerged from creators of both genders, raising questions about why the in-group would create memes holding derogatory connotations about their own group. This paradox was explained by the alignment of these portrayals with perceived ideals of masculinity and femininity, suggesting that these themes may hold positive connotations from the group's perspective, despite their seemingly derogatory nature. While the majority of the memes seemed to support the hierarchal gender order, some memes brought attention to the disparagement and limitations men and women face within hierarchal gender dynamics. However, there was a noticeable lack of explicit rejection or resistance towards these dynamics. Only memes within a theme related to women as liberal depicted explicit resistance to societal norms regarding marriage and men's authority over their conduct and choices. The study highlighted the complex interplay of social identity dynamics and the perpetuation of gender norms within the realm of meme creation.

This Paper explores gender dichotomies in fiction and real life through gender politics, patriarchy, and irony, focusing on Abi Dare's The Girl with the Louding Voice (2020) and Chimamanda Adichie's Dear Ijeawele, Or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions (2017). The study examines how male hegemony perpetuates cultural discrimination against women in the above named texts, using qualitative content analysis. Findings indicate that women are crucial to the family and society, and their empowerment through education is essential for personal autonomy, free from adult interference. The study highlights that patriarchy enforces social injustices against women through forced marriage and childbearing. Both authors call for institutional integrity to support women's rights and promote a healthy society. Additionally, the study reveals that some influential women contribute to the oppression of other women, causing unnecessary sufferings. It concludes with recommendations for addressing these issues: female children should not be coerced into marriage without economic empowerment; Nigerian culture should eliminate gender-based inequalities; and effective mentorship should be provided to guide and liberate young women from exploitation and servitude.