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This paper provides thorough analysis for the changes in total factor productivity TFP and its main determinants in the private business sector through a diagrammatic overview for the patterns of variation over the period from 1949 to 2013. This study attempts to pinpoint the main causes of the TFP slowdown in the US economy and in the OECD countries. Due to data unavailability- during the time at which the research in this paper has been executed- the analysis for the growth in TFP covers the period between 1995 and 2013 for the selected sample from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development economies (OECD). Throughout this period, the collected data reveal an interesting narrative about the slowdown in TFP. Especially after 2004 partly due to a slowdown in capital intensity and capital deepening, a slowdown in the start-ups and small ventures shares in the business sector, and a slowdown in investment growth in recent years.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published \"Trends Shaping Education\" reports and thoroughly evaluated the crucial breakthroughs and alterations affecting the global educational environment between 2008 and 2022. The study explains new trends changing how education is delivered, received, and comprehended in the modern era. This research studies the deep links between technology, societal transformations, economic fluctuations, and educational policies that drive these patterns. The study provides essential perspectives on how educational institutions are shifting to meet the changing needs of large populations of students and teachers by analyzing these trends. The abstract briefly outlines the emphasis of the reports on education's ever-changing nature and its ongoing adaptation to handle the difficulties and opportunities of the twenty-first century. This study presents a summary of six of the most prominent reports that present analyses of trends shaping education between 2008 and 2022 from education experts on global responses to create different resources on global education trends to provide policymakers with the lessons learned from implementing different strategies and contexts to ensure that education does not stop in any government. Presented reports and others are available at this link:Trends Shaping Education - OECD.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل تطور مؤشرات الشمول المالي في مجموعة من دول الخليج ودول المغرب العربي خلال الفترة الزمنية الممتدة من 2004-2020، إذ أن الهدف من وراء هذا التحليل هو معرفة واقع الشمول المالي في اقتصاديات الدول العربية، وأيضا إبراز أهم التحديات المعرقلة لتعزيز الشمول المالي على صعيد الدول العربية والوقوف على أهم الآفاق والاستراتيجيات الرامية لدعمه. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن معدلات الشمول المالي المسجلة ضمن المؤشرات الجزئية في دول الخليج العربي عالية نسبيا ومقبولة إلى حد ما، وتجاري بعض المعدلات المسجلة حتى في بعض الدول المتقدمة، وهذا نقيض المعدلات المسجلة في دول المغرب العربي والتي من بينها الجزائر.

تناولت الورقة الأثار الاقتصادية والسياسية المترتبة على انضمام دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية، وتهدف إلى تشخيص وتحليل هذه الأثار وتقييم نتائج تجربة الانضمام وانعكاساتها على دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي، وتتمثل مشكلة الدراسة في سؤال محور مفاده ما هي الأثار الاقتصادية والسياسية لانضمام دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي لمنتظمة التجارة العالمية؟ وتفترض الورقة وجود تأثير إيجابي على اقتصاديات هذه الدول اذا انضمت كمنظومة اقتصادية وسياسية واحدة إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية، كما تفترض أن الموارد النقدية والثروة النفطية تعطي مزية نسبية تخدم هدف الانضمام، استخدمت الورقة المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي وتوصلت إلى عدد من النتائج أهمها أن اعتماد دول المجلس على الاقتصاد الريعي يحد من قوتها التنافسية في مجال تنويع الصادرات ويهدد اقتصادياتها، كما أن عدم التوظيف الأمثل لعوائد النفط النقدية لتنمية الصناعات المحلية ساعدت على اختلال ميزان التجارة الخارجية لهذه الدول، وأوصت الورقة بضرورة تطبيق الوحدة النقدية والتكامل الاقتصادي حتي تستطيع دول المجلس اكتساب قوة ومكانة مميزة داخل منظمة التجارة العالمية.

The main purpose behind this empirical investigation was to establish a relationship between institutional factors and economic growth. For this purpose, a sample of 40 countries belonging to Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is utilized. Panel data for the period 2002- 2018 is collected from internationally reliable sources and suitable econometric tools are employed for the estimation purpose. Results revealed that indeed institutional factors matter for achieving higher economic growth. Control of corruption is found to be the main driving forces behind the economic growth of OIC countries. Similarly, constrains both executive and political are detrimental for economic growth. Rule of law and government effectiveness have played a positive role in the growth process; however, they are insignificant statistically. The control variables such as trade openness and mean years of schooling have played their expected positive role in economic growth. Moreover, employment level of the labor force and capital stock have impacted economic growth of these countries positively but insignificantly. The study recommends that countries belonging to the OIC shall move towards control corruption and relax constrains related to both executive and political regime and bring improvement in government and rule of law in order to speed up the process of economic growth. This study has provided detailed understanding about the role of institutions in economic growth both empirically and theoretically for OIC member countries for the first time.