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The aim of this study is to deal with the translation of selected English cohesive devices into Arabic in Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. The Arabic translation of Dickens' novel that is adopted in this study is Munir al-Baalbaki's translation. This study presents a comparison of various cohesive devices in English and Arabic through examining its translation from the source language (English) into the target language (Arabic). Adopting this comparison, this study intends to show differences and similarities between these two languages concerning the matter of cohesion in literary works, precisely the novel adopted and its Arabic translation. This research is achieved using descriptive and qualitative method so as to uncover selected cohesive devices utilized in English, particularly, the English novel and its Arabic translation. The translation of four types of cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and lexical cohesion including repetition and synonymy are to be analyzed here. The researcher concludes that it is important to study the translation of cohesive devices in literary works because they have diverse parts in language and the literary works are taught at the undergraduate level as well.

This article offers a cultural rereading of Dickens's A Christmas Carol (1843) within a contemporary socio-economic Palestinian context where the rift between classes and the plight of child poverty and vagrancy, in particular, have become rampant. In Dickens's novella, Christmas Eve in London becomes a significant time of redemption, benevolence, and sharing. It is a time which provokes the dilemma of child destitution and displacement in the mid-Victorian society, inviting successful yet penny-pinching businessmen like Scrooge to reconsider their religious values, wisdom and, overall, human benignity. This article re-imagines and re-contextualizes the setting of A Christmas Carol in Palestine, especially in the city of Bethlehem, a place which also brings to the fore questions about present-day child loss, beggary and pauperism. Here, Dickens's Tiny Tim also epitomizes the Palestinian child whose existence hinges on the paradox of being an innocent citizen of Bethlehem, the city which ostensibly carries meanings of justice and communal living, as well as becoming an impoverished street outcast. Overall, this article seeks to employ Dickens's text in order to criticize the current socio-economic conditions of children in the Palestinian society which fundamentally continues to fail to contain the crisis of displaced, needy children due to political strife.

This study aims to investigate how the English writer Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) addresses the subject of childhood and orphanhood in his works. The main purpose of the study is to examine childhood during the Victorian era, which witnessed a significant \"Industrial Revolution\" with one of its worst aspects being the exploitation of children. Honestly, no novelist has shown the same ability to enter the perspective of children as Charles Dickens, who is the best English writer has written on childhood through the children's characters he dealt with in his novels .The study is founded on the supposition that the Victorian age was often characterized by the exploitation of underprivileged children and orphans, depriving them of possibilities for a fundamental education, preparing and training them to commit crimes, or putting them under duress in areas of vice and this is a route that only ever leads to death or prison. Dickens's works were a harsh condemnation of authority figures, business magnates, and factories during the Industrial Revolution, as well as child labour laws. Children from low-income homes typically worked full-time jobs to help make ends meet. Young children as young as four were often subjected to hazardous working conditions and lengthy shifts in industries. Most of the time throughout the Industrial Revolution, child labour was permitted, but it eventually became prohibited.

قارنت الدراسة صورة الجريمة والعقاب وعلاقتها بالبناء الفني عند تشارلز ديكنز ونجيب محفوظ في روايتي أوليفر تويست والطريق. اعتمدت الدراسة على التحليل النقدي في ضوء المنهج الأمريكي والتحليل الفني في ضوء المنهج الفرنسي، وأكدت على أن الروايات التي تناولت موضوع الجريمة والعقاب نالت شيوعًا ومساحة شعبية على مستوى العالم، كما أن النقاد أعادوا روايتي أوليفر تويست والطريق روايات بوليسية، وأن الجريمة في الروايتين شكلت حقلاً محوريًا لدراسة المقارنة، وبين أن الروايتان أفرزتا قضايا اجتماعية متعددة ومتنوعة، وتلتقي بينهم نقاط الشرور الاجتماعية، وذكر أن مقدمة الرواية تناولت التوازي بين منطلق الرؤية وفقًا للنظام الاجتماعي، وأوضح أن البناء الفني عند ديكنز كان معقدًا ومركبًا، وأن رواية ديكنز تفتقر إلى وحدة الحدث وحسن البناء، كما أنه بالغ في إبراز شرور قانون الفقراء الإنجليزي والنظام الفيكتوري، وانتقل إلى رواية الطريق وبين أن المضمون الطبقي بها هو الذي أعطى للجريمة قيمة جمالية، وبين أنها تستند على إطار تاريخي، كما تناولت واقعيته الاجتماعية، وعبرت عن وعي جمالي أكثر وتطورًا عن رواية ديكنز، وخلصت الدراسة إلى تقديم مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أن رواية أوليفر تويست تميزت عن الطريق بثراء الخلفية الاجتماعية التي أبرزت تناقضات المجتمع الفيكتوري، أما محفوظ فقد اتخذ من دراما الأحداث سبيلاً إلى تعقيد الأفكار حتى تكون أكثر حدة من الاهتمام بالخلفية الاجتماعية، وأوصت الدراسة ببحث أثر رواية أوليفر تويست لتشارلز ديكنز على فيودور دويستويفسكي ونجيب محفوظ في روايتي الجريمة والعقاب والطريق دراسة مقارنة. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قِبل المنظومة 2022

This paper affirms the function of the pragmatic approach, regarding the use of language and playing a rather efficacious role in social communication. It also paws indirectness as a lineament in the branch of pragmatics. We can perceive indirectness when there is an uninterrupted flux of mismatch between literal meaning and intended meaning. Thus, we should apprehend both of what the hearer deduces and what the speaker says. As a matter of fact, there are multi diverse phases of indirectness. Moreover, it aims at scrutinizing such a pragmatic feature in both English and Arabic discourse through depicting the whole properties of indirectness in some utterances elected from two English novels: Dickens' Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, and two Arabic novels: Mahfouz's Midaq Alley and Miramar. Occasionally, the assumption is to manifest the features of literary composition associated with linguistic terms, portraying style of both oriental and western writers so as to bid social norms and cultural traditions.