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Prehistoric human history on the Tibetan Plateau is a hotly debated topic. Archaeological research on the plateau during the past few decades has enormously improved our understanding of the topic and makes it possible for us to consider the processes and mechanisms of prehistoric human migration to the region. By reviewing the published archaeological research on the Tibetan Plateau, we propose that the first people on the plateau initially spread into the He-Huang region from the Chinese Loess Plateau, and then moved to the low elevation Northeastern Tibetan Plateau and perhaps subsequently to the entire plateau. This process consisted of four stages. （1） During the climatic amelioration of the Last Deglacial period （15-11.6 ka BP）, Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers with a developed microlithic technology first spread into the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. （2） In the early-mid Holocene （11.6-6 ka BP）, Epipaleolithic microlithic hunter-gatherers were widely distributed on the northeastern plateau and spread southwards to the interior plateau, possibly with millet agriculture developed in the neigh- boring low elevation regions. （3） In the mid-late Holocene （6-4 ka BP）, Neolithic millet farmers spread into low elevation river valleys in the northeastern and southeastern plateau areas. （4） In the late Holocene （4-2.3 ka BP）, Bronze Age barley and wheat farmers further settled on the high elevation regions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially after 3.6 ka BP. Finally, we sug- gest that all of the reported Paleolithic sites earlier than the LGM on the Tibetan Plateau need further examination.

Earth’s land cover has been extensively transformed over time due to both human activities and natural causes. Previous global studies have focused on developing spatial and temporal patterns of dominant human land-use activities (e.g., cropland, pastureland, urban land, wood harvest). Process-based modeling studies adopt different strategies to estimate the changes in land cover by using these land-use data sets in combination with a potential vegetation map, and subsequently use this information for impact assessments. However, due to unaccounted changes in land cover (resulting from both indirect anthropogenic and natural causes), heterogeneity in land-use/cover (LUC) conversions among grid cells, even for the same land use activity, and uncertainty associated with potential vegetation mapping and historical estimates of human land use result in land cover estimates that are substantially different compared to results acquired from remote sensing observations. Here, we present a method to implicitly account for the differences arising from these uncertainties in order to provide historical estimates of land cover that are consistent with satellite estimates for recent years. Due to uncertainty in historical agricultural land use, we use three widely accepted global estimates of cropland and pastureland in combination with common wood harvest and urban land data sets to generate three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and underlying LUC conversions. Hence, these distinct historical reconstructions offer a wide range of plausible regional estimates of uncertainty and the extent to which different ecosystems have undergone changes. The annual land cover maps and LUC conversion maps are reported at 0.5°×0.5° resolution and describe the area of 28 landcover types and respective underlying land-use transitions. The reconstructed data sets are relevant for studies addressing the impact of land-cover change on biogeophysics, biogeochemistry, water cycle, and global climate.

Natural products have been extensively used to treat diseases throughout human history. These are mainly because natural products normally target biological macromolecules selectively. Target identification could help us to develop new therapeutic agents and discover new biological pathways underlying human diseases. Herein, we highlight some recent examples of using natural products and their derivatives as chemical probes to identify the molecular targets and elucidate mode of action.

China＇s reform since the late 1970s is the most enduring reform ever in human history and remains ＂in progress＂ till this day. At present, reform is stalemated in some areas due to ideological barriers and vested interests. In order to press ahead, reformers must take accountability, tolerate no privileges and honor their commitment to people＇s welfare.

This study applies ArcGIS to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural sites in the Ill River Valley in northwestern China. It explores relationships between the sites＇ spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics, human history, and the natural environment. The results indicate that the numbers and proportions of the sites, and the frequency of their oc- currence, exhibited an inverted V-shaped change trend during six historical periods. The ＂high in the east and low in the west＂ spatial distribution pattern of the first three periods shifted to the one the ＂high in the west and low in the east＂ during the latter three periods, demonstrating a change in the spatial center of gravity of human activities. The sites were mainly distributed on slopes of grades 1-5, with their proportions increasing from 75% during the Spring and Autumn Period （770 BC-476 BC）-Qin Dynasty （221 BC-207 BC） to 93.75% during the Qing Dynasty-Modern period. The concentrated distribution of site elevations shifted from grades 4-8 during the Spring and Autumn Period-Qin Dynasty, and the Western Han （206 BC-8）-Southern and Northern Dynasties （420-589）, to grades 1-4 during the latter three periods. The number of sites showed a shifting trend from high-elevation mountains and hills to low-elevation plains, and from high slopes to low slopes. In particular, the sites exhibited a special ＂moist＂ evolutionary pattern of migration from middle and upstream areas to downstream areas, as opposed to the migration pattern of sites located in typical arid areas. The study also considered factors influencing the distribution and spatiotemporal evolution of cultural sites, notably, human factors and natural factors.

The invention and application of vaccines for combating infectious diseases represent one of the greatest human accomplishments within the medical and health sectors in the history of mankind.The smallpox virus,once devastating and widespread across the continents,is the first and sole human pathogen that has been eradicated globally,and this great success is attributed to the use of vaccinia vaccines.

In May, the State Council promulgated ＂Made in China 2025＂, a blueprint for China＇s manufacturing development in the coming decade. It set forth China＇s ambition to grow from a manufacturing giant into a world manufacturing power. The modern industrial society marks the most advanced and prosperous stage of human history. No country that has embarked upon a journey of industrialization can resist the desire to become a manufacturing powerhouse. However, even among the world＇s established ＂industrial nations＂.

Sun Zhenyu＇s artistic creations are closely associated with Chinese script and Chinese culture.Writing is an indispensible means ofrecording history, continuing culture, expressing feelings and conveying information. Ancient forms of writing, such as the cuneiform script of Mesopotamia, the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt, Maya hieroglyphs of America, the oracle bone script of ancient China and the seal script of ancient India, are important references for studies of human history and valuable patrimonies of human civilization.

主席先生，各位同事：70年前，我们的先辈经过浴血奋战，取得了世界反法西斯战争的胜利，翻过了人类历史上黑暗的一页。这一胜利来之不易。 70年前，我们的先辈以远见卓识，建立了联合国这一最具普遍性、代表性、权威性的国际组织，寄托人类新愿景，开启合作新时代。这一创举前所未有。 70年前，我们的先辈集各方智慧，制定了联合同宪章，奠定了现代国际秩序基石，确立了当代国际关系基本准则。这一成就影响深远。