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目的 探讨重组促性腺激素释放激素—绿脓杆菌外毒素40(LHRH—PE40)与正常肝脏组织和肝癌细胞表面受体结合特性的差异。方法 用放射性配基结合分析的方法测定亲和力和受体容量。结果 LHRH-PE40与肝癌细胞NEPG细胞的亲和力Kd为(0．43±0．12)nmol·L^-1，受体容量Bmax为(0．37±0．15)nmol·mg^-1，与正常肝脏组织未见结合。德农重组毒素LHRH—PE40和肝癌细胞HEPG的表面受体有较强的结合，而和正常肝脏组织无特异性结合。

Many advances in genetic selection, nutrition, housing and disease control have been incorporated into modern pork production since the 1950s resulting in highly prolific females and practices and technologies, which significantly increased efficiency of reproduction in the breeding herd. The objective of this manuscript is to review the literature and current industry practices employed for reproductive management. In particular the authors focus on assisted reproduction technologies and their application for enhanced productivity. Modern maternal line genotypes have lower appetites and exceptional lean growth potential compared to females of 20 yr ago. Thus, nutrient requirements and management techniques and technologies, which affect gilt development and sow longevity, require continuous updating. Failure to detect estrus accurately has the greatest impact on farrowing rate and litter size. Yet, even accurate estrus detection will not compensate for the variability in the interval between onset of estrus and actual time of ovulation. However, administration of GnRH analogs in weaned sows and in gilts after withdrawal of altrenogest do overcome this variability and thereby synchronize ovulation, which makes fixed-time AI practical. Seasonal infertility, mediated by temperature and photoperiod, is a persistent problem. Training workers in the art of stockmanship is of increasing importance as consumers become more interested in humane animal care. Altrenogest, is used to synchronize the estrous cycle of gilts, to prolong gestation for 2-3 d to synchronize farrowing and to postpone post-weaning estrus. P.G. 600~ is used for induction of estrus in pre-pubertal gilts and as a treatment to overcome seasonal anestrous. Sperm cell numbers/dose of semen is significantly less for post cervical AI than for cervical AI. Real-time ultrasonography is used to determine pregnancy during wk 3-5. PGF2a effectively induces farrowing when administered within two d of normal gestation length. Ovulation synchronization, single fixed-time AI and induced parturition may lead to farrowing synchronization, which facilitates supervision and reduces stillbirths and piglet mortality. Attendance and assistance at farrowing is important especially to ensure adequate colostrum consumption by piglets immediately after birth. New performance terminologies are presented.

Both pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone （GnRH） infusion and combined gonadotropin therapy （human chorionic gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin [HCG/HMG]） are effective to induce spermatogenesis in male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism （CH H）. However, evidence is lacking as to which treatment strategy is better. This retrospective cohort study included 202 patients with CHH： twenty had received pulsatile GnRH and 182 had received HCG/HMG. Patients had received therapy for at least 12 months. The total follow-up time was 15.6 ± 5.0 months （range： 12-27 months） for the GnRH group and 28.7 ± 13.0 months （range： 12-66 months） for the HCG/HMG group. The median time to first sperm appearance was 6 months （95% confidence interval [CI]： 1.6-10.4） in the GnRH group versus 18 months （95% Ch 16.4-20.0） in the HCG/HMG group （P〈 0.001）. The median time to achieve sperm concentrations 〉5 x 106 m1-1 was 14 months （95% Ch 5.8-22.2） in the GnRH group versus 27 months （95% Ch 18.9-35.1） in the HCG/HMG group （P 〈 0.001）, and the median time to concentrations 〉10 x 106 m1-1 was 18 months （95% Ch 10.0-26.0） in the GnRH group versus 39 months （95% CI unknown） in the HCG/HMG group. Compared to the GnRH group, the HCG/HMG group required longer treatment periods to achieve testicular sizes of 〉4 ml, 〉8 ml, 〉12 ml, and 〉16 ml. Sperm motility （a ＋ b ＋ c percentage） evaluated in semen samples with concentrations 〉1 × 106 ml-1 was 43.7% ± 20.4% （16 samples） in the GnRH group versus 43.2% ± 18.1% （153 samples） in the HCG/HMG group （P= 0.921）. Notably, during follow-up, the GnRH group had lower serum testosterone levels than the HCG/HMG group （8.3 ±4.6 vs 16.2 ± 8.2 nmol 1-1, P 〈 0.001）. Our study found that pulsatile GnRH therapy was associated with earlier spermatogenesis and larger testicular size compared to combined gonadotropin therapy. Additional prospective randomized studies would be required to confirm these findings.

Contraception has an established role in managing overabundant populations and preventing undesirable breeding in zoos. We propose that it can also be used strategically and selectively in conservation to increase the genetic and behavioral quality of the animals. In captive breeding programs, it is becoming increasingly important to maximize the retention of genetic diversity by managing the reproductive contribution of each individual and preventing genetically suboptimal breeding through the use of selective contraception. Reproductive suppression of selected individuals in conservation programs has further benefits of allowing animals to be housed as a group in extensive enclosures without interfering with breeding recommendations, which reduces adaptation to captivity and facilitates the expression of wild behaviors and social structures. Before selective contraception can be incorporated into a breeding program, the most suitable method of fertility control must be selected, and this can be influenced by factors such as species life history, age, ease of treatment, potential for reversibility, and desired management outcome for the individual or population. Contraception should then be implemented in thepopulation following a step-by-step process. In this way, it can provide crucial, flexible control over breeding to promote the physical and genetic health and sustainability of a conservation dependent species held in captivity. For Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), black-flanked rock wallabies (Petrogale lateralise and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur), contraception can benefit their conservation by maximizing genetic diversity and behavioral integrity in the captive breeding program, or, in the case of the wallabies and bettongs, by reducing populations to a sustainable size when they become locally overabundant. In these examples, contraceptive duration relative to reproductive life, reversibility, and predictability of the contraceptive agent being used are important to ensure the potential for individuals to reproducefollowing cessation of contraception, as exemplified by the wallabies when their population crashed and needed females to resume breeding. La anticoncepción tiene un papel establecido en el manejo de poblaciones sobreabundantes y en la prevención de reproducción indeseada en los zoológicos. Proponemos que también puede usarse estratégica y selectivamente en la conservación para incrementar la calidad genética y de comportamiento de los animales. En los programas de reproducción en cautiverio es cada vez más importante maximizar la retención de la diversidad genética manejando la contribución reproductiva de cada individuo y previniendo la reproducción subóptima genéticamente por medio del uso de la anticoncepción selectiva. La represión reproductiva de individuos selectos en los programas de conservación tiene más beneficios, como permitir a los animales ser alojados en grupo en recintos extensos sin interferir con las recomendaciones reproductivas, lo que reduce la adaptación al cautiverio y facilita la expresión de comportamientos y estructuras sociales de vida libre. Antes de que la anticoncepción selectiva pueda ser incorporada a un programa de reproducción, se debe elegir el método de control de la fertilidad más adecuado, y esto puede estar influenciado por factores como la historia de vida de la especie, la edad, la facilidad de manejo, el potencial para la reversibilidad, y el resultado deseado de manejo para el individuo o la población. Después de esto se debe implementar la anticoncepción dentro de la población siguiendo un proceso de paso-por-paso. De esta manera, puede proporcionar un control decisivo y flexible sobre la reproducción para promover la salud física y genética y la sustentabilidad de una especie dependiente de la conservación que se encuentra en cautiverio. Para los demonios de Tasmania (Sarcophilus harrisii), los walabíes de las rocas de flancos negros (Petrogale lateralis), y las ratas canguro de nariz corta (Bettongia lesueur), la anticoncepción puede beneficiar su conservación al maximizar la diversidad genética y la integridad conductual en el programa de reproducción en cautiverio, o, en el caso de los walabíes y las ratas canguro, al reducir a las poblaciones a un tamaño sustentable cuando se vuelvan sobreabundantes localmente. En estos ejemplos, la duración de la anticoncepción en relación a la vida reproductiva, la reversibilidad, y la predictibilidad del agente anticonceptivo que se usa son importantes para asegurar el potencial de reproducción de los individuos una vez que cese la anticoncepción, como se ejemplifica con los walabíes cuando su población colapsó y necesitó de hembras para reanudar su reproducción. 节育是动物园管理数量过多动物神群数量和避免不恰当繁殖的ー项措施。我们认为节育也可以战略性和 选择性地用于动物保护, 以提高动物遗传和行为的质量。在圈养繁育项目中，通过控制每个个体参与繁殖来保留 最高的遗传多祥性，并通过选择性节育防止非最优的繁殖已变得越来越重要。保护项目中选择性地抑制个体繁 殖有利于动物在大围栏内集群生活，而不会破坏繁育计划，这不仅能减少了动物对圈养环境的适应，而且能促进 它们展现野生生活的行为和社会结构。在将选择性节育纳入繁育项目之前，我们应选出最适合的节育方法,而这 会受到物种的生活史、年龄、处理难度及可逆性潜力和对个体或种群预期的管理结果等因素的影_。接下來 节育应在种群中逐步推行。这样可以有效且灵活地控制动物的繁殖，以提高依赖于圈养保护物神的身体健康、遗传健康和可持续性。对于袋獾(Sarcophilus harrisii)、黑胁小岩袋鼠(Petrogale lateralis) 和穴居草原袋鼠 (Bettongia lesueur)，节育可以最大化它们在圈养繁育项目中的遗传多祥ÍÉ和行为完整性,而对于小袋鼠和草原 袋鼠，节育使局部地区数量过多的种群減少到可持续的数量，有利于物种的保护。在这些例子中，要碥保个体在 节育终止后可以繁殖，节育持续的时间相对于繁殖年限、可逆性和采取节育方式的可预见性非常重要，这ー点在 小袋m 群崩溃、需要雌性来重新恢复繁殖时有所体现。

Prior studies suggested that the use of androgen deprivation therapy （ADT） in patients with prostate cancer （PC） might cause the impairment of cognitive function which is one of the common symptoms of dementia; however, the association between ADT and cognitive impairment still remains controversial. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the relationship between ADT and subsequent risk of dementia using a population-based dataset, Data for this study were taken from the Taiwan （China） Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005. We included 755 PC patients who received ADT in the study cohort and 559 PC patients who did not receive ADT in the comparison cohort. Each patient was individually tracked for a 5-year period to define those who subsequently received a diagnosis of dementia. Results show that the incidence rates of dementia per 100 person-years were 2.35 （95% confidence interval [95% CI]： 1.82-2.98） and 1.85 （95% Ch 1.35-2.48） for PC patients who received ADT and those who did not receive ADT, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio （HR） for dementia for PC patients who received ADT was 1.21 （95% Ch 0.82-1.78, P = 0,333） compared to those who did not receive ADT. In addition, the adjusted HRs for dementia for PC patients receiving ADT with gonadotropin-releasing hormone （GnRH） agonists and without GnRH agonists were 1.39 （95% Ch 0.80-2.40, P = 0.240） and 1.13 （95% CI： 0.75-1.71, P = 0.564）, respectively, compared to PC patients not receiving ADT. We concluded that there was no difference in the risk of subsequent dementia between PC patients who did and those who did not receive ADT.

Although idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism （IHH） has traditionally been viewed as a life-long disease caused by a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, a portion of patients may gradually regain normal reproductive axis function during hormonal replacement therapy. The predictive factors for potential IHH reversal are largely unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence and clinical features of IHH male patients who had reversed reproductive axis function. In this retrospective cohort study, male IHH patients were classified into a reversal group （n = 18） and a nonreversal group （n = 336）. Concentration of gonadotropins and testosterone, as well as testicle sizes and sperm counts, were determined. Of 354 IHH patients, 18 （5.1%） acquired normal reproductive function during treatment. The median age for reversal was 24 years old （range 21-34 years）. Compared with the nonreversal group, the reversible group had higher basal luteinizing hormone （LH） （1,0±0.7 IU 1-1 vs 0.4±0.4 IU 1-1, P 〈 0.05） and stimulated LH （28.3 ± 22.6 IU 1-1 vs 1.9 ±1.1 IU 1-1, P 〈 0.01） levels, as well as larger testicle size （5.1 ±2.6 ml vs 1.5± 0.3 ml, P〈 0.01）, at the initial visit. In summary, larger testicle size and higher stimulated LH concentrations are favorite parameters for reversal. Our finding suggests that reversible patients may retain partially active reproductive axis function at initial diagnosis.

GnRH sterilization vaccines have been developed for various practical and clinical reasons. However, conjugation of GnRH peptide to carrier protein has many drawbacks, hampering the further commercialization of GnRH vaccines. In this study, a new nonconjugated GnRH vaccine, D-Lys6-GnRH-tandem-dimer peptide （TDK）, emulsified in Specol adjuvant was investigated for its immunocastration efficacy in young male rats. Prepubertal male rats were randomly allocated into three groups （n = 12）： control （no treatment）, surgically castrated or immunized against 100 μg TDK in Specol adjuvant at 6 weeks of age （with a booster 8 weeks later）. Blood samples （for antibody titers and hormone concentrations） were collected at 2-week intervals until rats were killed （18 weeks of age）. Compared to intact controls, active immunization against TDK reduced （P〈 0.05） serum concentrations of testosterone, inhibin B, LH and FSH, prevented the onset of spermatogenesis at puberty. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of GnRH receptor, LH-β and FSH-β in the pituitary, LH receptor, FSH receptor, inhibin α, βA and βB subunit in the testes were decreased in immunocastrated rats compared to intact controls （P 〈 0.05）. These results demonstrate for the first time that GnRH-tandem-dimer peptide emulsified in Specol is a promising veterinary sterilization medicine.

We investigated the cardiovascular thrombotic risk after surgical castration （SC） versus genadotmpin-releasing hormone agonists （GnRHa） in Chinese men with prostate cancer. All Chinese prostate cancer patients who were treated with SC or GnRHa from year 2000 to 2009 were reviewed and compared. The primary outcome was any new-onset of cardiovascular thrombotic events after SC or GnRHa, which was defined as any event of acute myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. The risk of new-onset cardiovascular thrombotic event was compared between the SC group and the GnRHa group using Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to adjust for other potential confounding factors. A total of 684 Chinese patients was included in our study, including 387 patients in the SC group and 297 patients in the GnRHa group. The mean age in the SC group （75.3 ~ 7.5 years） was significantly higher than the GnRHa group （71.8 ~ 8.3 years） （P 〈 0.001）. There was increased risk of new cardiovascular thrombotic events in the SC group when compared to the GnRHa group upon Kaplan-Meier analysis （P= 0.014）. Upon multivariate Cox regression analysis, age （hazard ratio [HR] 1.072, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.11, P 〈 0.001）, hyperlipidemia （HR 2.455, 95% Cl 1.53-3.93, P 〈 0.001）, and SC （HR 1.648, 95% CI 1.05-2.59, P = 0.031） were significant risk factors of cardiovascular thrombotic events. In conclusion, SC was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events when compared to GnRHa. This is an important aspect to consider while deciding on the method of androgen deprivation therapy, especially in elderly men with known history of hyperlipidemia.

Itis a pleasure to contribute our presentation at the International Prostate Forum of the Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association （AUA） to this special issue of the Asian Journal of Andrology. We are gratified that the method developed in our laboratories1 based on agonistic analogs of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone （LHRH）, also called gonadotropin which was discovered releasing hormone, and characterized by one of us （AVS） in the 1970S, has been used since the early 1980s for the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone（Gn RH） and its synthetic analog leuprolide acetate, a Gn RH agonist, have neurotrophic properties. This study was designed to determine whether administration of leuprolide acetate can improve locomotor behavior, gait, micturition reflex, spinal cord morphology and the amount of microglia in the lesion epicenter after spinal cord injury in rats. Rats with spinal cord compression injury were administered leuprolide acetate or saline solution for 5 weeks. At the 5th week, leuprolide acetate-treated rats showed locomotor activity recovery by 38%, had improvement in kinematic gait and exhibited voiding reflex recovery by 60%, as compared with the 1st week. By contrast, saline solution-treated rats showed locomotor activity recovery only by 7%, but voiding reflex did not recover. More importantly, leuprolide acetate treatment reduced microglial immunological reaction and induced a trend towards greater area of white and gray matter in the spinal cord. Therefore, leuprolide acetate has great potential to repair spinal cord injury.