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S858.9%X835; 候鸟疫病监测是野生动物疫病监测体系中的主要环节,为了科学评价中国候鸟疫病监测质量,以途经中国候鸟迁徙通道的3条重点区域疫病防控情况为基准,构建疫病监测防控质量评价体系,并采用熵权TOPSIS模型进行分析.结果表明:2015-2022年,中国候鸟疫病监测综合评价、监测投入和监测成效整体上呈现增加趋势,2017年之前监测成效(T)小于0.3,质量水平偏低,2017年之后质量水平达到一般标准(0.3＜T＜0.6);2015-2017年东部沿海和2015-2019年西部高山湿地区监测成效均小于0.3,质量水平偏低,其余年份质量水平一般(0.3＜T＜0.6);2015-2022年,中部湖泊水网候鸟疫病监测成效质量水平一般(0.3＜T＜0.6).在综合评价、监测投入和监测成效方面,中部湖泊水网显著大于东部沿海与西部高山湿地区(p＜0.05),但东部沿海与西部高山湿地区之间无显著性差异.本研究结合现有政策和候鸟疫病监测实际工作情况,深入分析了问题出现的原因,并提出可行性解决方案,以期为调整候鸟疫病监测防控各组分的重新分配提供科学依据.

候鸟和具有迁徙特征鸟类是两个不同的概念,候鸟是具有迁徙特征鸟类的一种。法律概念应该科学地拟制。将“候鸟”作为法律概念,易引起误解。目前,环境法学者们没有完全理解迁移的含义,以致译文不符合动物学用语习惯。目前,我国立法中还没有具有迁徙特征鸟类的概念。为了制定更为有效的法律保护措施,法学界应积极学习动物学理论,并在立法中弥补这一空白。

The majority of our knowledge of avian energetics is based on studies of birds from temperate and high latitudes. Using the largest existing sample of wild-caught Old World tropical species, we showed that birds from Southern Vietnam had lower basal metabolic rate （BMR） than temperate species. The strongest dissimilarity between tropical and temperate species was the low scaling exponent in the allometric relation between BMR and body mass in tropical birds （the regression slope was 0.573）. The passerine migrants to temperate and high latitudes had higher BMR than tropical sedentary passerines. Body mass alone accounted for 93% of the variation in BMR （body mass ranged from 5 to 252 g）. Contrary to some other studies, we did not find evidence besides the above mentioned that phylogeny, taxonomy, behavior, or ecology have a significant influence on BMR variation among tropical birds.

Spatial equality of access to basic public services, especially medical care services which are directly related to life safety, is the first step to achieve the goal of equalization of basic public services for all the people proposed by central government of China. Using the spatial analysis and the statistical analysis, this study evaluates the spatial differentiation of medical care facilities accessibility by constructing STT（Shortest Travel-Time） and SAI（Spatial Accessibility Index）. And then this study explores the neighborhood effects on the medical care facilities accessibility in Beijing, with a particular focus on the effect of neighborhood migrant proportion by constructing spatial dependent regression model. The spatial accessibility analysis of medical care facilities show that the spatial distribution of medical care facilities was basically consistent with administrative regions but not with population demands. Bivariate LISA cluster maps identify that suburban areas are the overlapped clusters of high percent of migrants and limited medical care services. This is associated with the public service allocation rule in China, which stresses equality within urban areas and within rural areas but overlooks equality between urban areas and rural areas; and stresses local resident demands but overlooks migrant demands. To estimate the effects on medical care accessibility of neighborhood migrant proportion, spatial dependence models are applied due to spatial dependence of accessibility of medical care facilities. The regression results show that neighborhoods with high percent of migrants, even conditioning on neighborhood SES, are related to limited spatial accessibility of medical care services. Besides neighborhood characteristics, another important factor influencing spatial accessibility of medical care services is the process of spatial spillover effects. This indicates that the attenuate accessibility of medical care services for migrants is not only because of their own constraints but also because of their proximity to other disadvantaged neighborhoods. Therefore, it is urgently needed to increase the medical facilities in the suburban areas, to take into account migrants＇ demands and to reduce residential segregation between local residents and migrants for local governments to achieve the goal of equalization of medical care service.

Dams and reservoirs,regulating water levels for irrigation,hydropower and flood control,are sometimes considered as artificial managed wetlands.Recent research has shown that increased water surface of reservoirs have become habitats for some species of migratory waterbird.However,hydraulic engineering can be a Sword of Damocles for birds.

Physiological adaptation arises from several fundamental sources of phenotypic variation. Most analyses of metabolic adaptation in birds have focused on the basal metabolic rate （BMR）, the lower limit of avian metabolic heat production. In this study, we investigated thermoregulation in three passerine species; the yellow-billed grosbeak Eophona migratoria, white-rumped munia Lonchura striata and black-throated bushtit Aegithalos concinnus, in Wenzhou, China. Metabolic rate was measured using the closed-circuit respirometer containing 3.5 L animal chambers. Body temperature （Tb） was measured during metabolic measurements using a lubricated thermocouple. The minimum thermal conductance of these species was calculated by measuring their Tb and metabolic rates. The yellow-billed grosbeak remained largely normothermic, and the white-rumped munia and black-throated bushtit exhibited variable Tb at ambient temperatures （Ta）. Mean metabolic rates within thermal neutral zone were 2.48±0.09 02 （mL）/g/h for yellow-billed grosbeaks, 3.44±0.16 02 （mL）/g/h for white-rumped munias, and 3.55±0.20 O2 （mL）/g/h for black-throated bushtits, respectively. Minimum thermal conductance of yellow-billed grosbeak, white-rumped munia and black-throated bushtit were 0.13±0.00, 0.36±0.01, and 0.37±0.01 02 （mL）/g/h/℃, respectively. The ecophysiological characteristics of these species were： （1） the yellowbilled grosbeak had relatively high Tb and BMR, a low lower critical temperature and thermal conductance, and a metabolic rate that was relatively insensitive to variation in Ta; all of which are typical of cold adapted species and explain its broader geographic distribution; （2） the white-rumped munia and black- throated bushtit had high thermal conductance, lower critical temperature, and relatively low BMR, all which are adapted to warm environments where there is little selection pressure for metabolic thermogenesis. Taken together, these data illustrate small migratory and resident passerines that exhibit the different characteristics of thermoregulation.

We quantified species diversity of birds in mangroves at Kundapura from April-2010 to March-2013. We recorded 79 species of 36 families and 14 orders. Of these 71% are resident species, 22% are residential migrants and 8% are migratory. One endangered species, three near threatened species, and a few occasional visitors were re-corded. Species diversity and abundance of birds were greater during from October through May as there was availability of food, increased vegetation and the arrival of migratory birds. Minimum diversity was recorded from June through September owing to heavy rains, increased flow of water, limited availability of food and return of migratory birds.

Poyang Lake Migratory Bird Sanctuary includes Bang Lake, Sha Lake, Dahu Lake, and estuaries of the Xiu and Gan Rivers in the Migratory Bird Natural Reserve. Water samples were collected and analyzed to study spatial and temporal water quality variation. Strong seasonal variation of water quality was found. The water quality of Bang Lake was relatively poor compared to Sha and Dahu Lakes in the wet season, but better in the normal season. During the dry season, the water quality of Bang Lake is negatively affected by the activity of migratory birds. According to the correlation analysis of monthly concentrations of each parameter, the concentrations of COD, NH4＋-N, and NO3 -N were highly correlated. The correlation index was 0.829 and significance index was 0.042 〈 0.05. From north to south within Bang Lake, the concentration of TN decreased; however, the concentration of Chl-a increased. From east to west within Bang Lake, concentrations of COD, NHa＋-N, NO3--N, and Chl-a increased. The Xiu and Gan Rivers influence the water quality of Bang Lake, especially in the northeast area of the lake. The water quality of Bang Lake only reached Chinese water quality standard level IV or V according to a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The evaluation factors impacting Bang Lake are TN〉TP〉NH4＋-N〉COD, in order of decreasing importance. The waters of Poyang Lake Migratory Bird Sanctuary have been polluted; one of the important contributing factors was migratory birds＇ disturbance and feces.