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目的 利用原子力显微镜观察乙醇润湿处理后牙本质的表面形貌,并检测其表面纳米粘附力的改变,探讨乙醇润湿技术用于提高牙本质粘接效果的临床作用机制。方法 将人单根管前磨牙制成根部牙本质片并打磨抛光、酸蚀冲洗后,随机分成5组,分别用无水乙醇处理0s（对照组）、20s、60s、3×60s或梯度乙醇处理样本;原子力显微镜在空气环境中检测乙醇润湿后的牙本质表面特性;利用SPSS 16.0对结果进行单因素方差分析和Tukey检验。结果 和对照组相比,随着乙醇使用时间的延长,牙本质表面波浪形的形貌越不明显,逐渐趋于平滑,牙本质纳米粘附力明显降低（P〈0.001）,其中3×60s组和梯度乙醇组的值最低,且两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 在空气环境中采用原子力显微镜检测时,随着乙醇使用时间的延长,牙本质表面波浪形的形貌逐渐趋于平滑,纳米粘附力越低,表明增加乙醇润湿处理时间可使牙本质胶原纤维网中的水分置换越充分,提高牙本质粘接界面的疏水性。

There have been continuous efforts to seek novel functional two-dimensional semiconductors with high performance for future applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we introduce a successful experimental approach to fabricate monolayer phosphorene by mechanical cleavage and a subsequent Ar＊ plasma thinning process. The thickness of phosphorene is unambiguously determined by optical contrast spectra combined with atomic force microscopy （AFM）. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the pristine and plasma-treated samples. The Raman frequency of the A2g mode stiffens, and the intensity ratio of A2g to Alg modes shows a monotonic discrete increase with the decrease of phosphorene thickness down to a monolayer. All those phenomena can be used to identify the thickness of this novel two-dimensional semiconductor. This work on monolayer phosphorene fabrication and thickness determination will facilitate future research on phosphorene.

The low band gap polymer based on benzodithiophene （BDT）-thieno[3,4-b]thiophene （TT） backbone, PBDT-TS 1, was synthe- sized following our previous work and the bulk heterojunction （BHJ） material comprising PBDT-TS 1/PC71BM was optimized and characterized. By processing the active layer with different additives i.e. 1,8-diiodooctane （DIO）, 1-chloronaphthalene （CN） and 1, 8-octanedithiol （ODT） and optimizing the ratio of each additive in the host solvent, a high PCE of 9.98% was obtained under the condition of utilizing 3% DIO as processing additive in CB. The effect of varied additives on photovoltaic perfor- mance was illustrated with atomic force microscopy （AFM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM） measurements that explained changes in photovoltaic parameters. These results provide valuable information of solvent additive choice in device optimization of PBDTTT polymers, and the systematic device optimization could be applied in other efficient photovoltaic polymers. Apparently, this work presents a great advance in single junction PSCs, especially in PSCs with conventional architecture.

When two-dimensional graphene is exfoliated from three-dimensional highly oriented pyrolytic graphite （HOPG）, ripples or corrugations always exist due to the intrinsic thermal fluctuations. Surface-grown graphenes also exhibit wrinkles, which are larger in dimension and are thought to be caused by the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between graphene and the underlying substrate in the cooling process after high temperature growth. For further characterization and applications, it is necessary to transfer the surface-grown graphenes onto dielectric substrates, and other wrinkles are generated during this process. Here, we focus on the wrinkles of transferred graphene and demonstrate that the surface morphology of the growth substrate is the origin of the new wrinkles which arise in the surface-to-surface transfer process; we call these morphology- induced wrinkles. Based on a careful statistical analysis of thousands of atomic force microscopy （AFM） topographic data, we have concluded that these wrinkles on transferred few-layer graphene （typically 1-3 layers） are determined by both the growth substrate morphology and the transfer process. Depending on the transfer medium and conditions, most of the wrinkles can be either released or preserved. Our work suggests a new route for graphene engineering involving structuring the growth substrate and tailoring the transfer process.

Various approaches have been proposed for point-of-care diagnostics, and in particular, optical detection is preferred because it is relatively simple and fast. At the same time, field-effect transistor （FET）-based biosensors have attracted great attention because they can provide highly sensitive and label-free detection. In this work we present highly sensitive, epidermal skin-type point-of-care devices with system-level integration of flexible MOS2 FET biosensors, read-out circuits, and light-emitting diode （LEDs） that enable real-time detection of prostate cancer antigens （PSA）. Regardless of the physical forms or mechanical stress conditions, our proposed high-performance MoS2 biosensors can detect a PSA concentration of 1 pg.mL-1 without specific surface treatment for anti-PSA immobilization on the MoS2 surface on which we characterize and confirm physisorption of anti-PSA using Kelvin probe force microscopy （KPFM） and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy （tm-AFM）. Furthermore, current modulation induced by the binding process was stably maintained for longer than 2-3 min. The results indicate that flexible MoS2-based FET biosensors have great potential for point-of-care diagnostics for prostate cancer as well as other biomarkers.

Significant changes in the Raman spectrum of single-layer graphene grown on a copper film were observed after the spontaneous oxidation of the underlying substrate that occurred under ambient conditions. The frequencies of the graphene G and 2D Raman modes were found to undergo red shifts, while the intensities of the two bands change by more than an order of magnitude. To understand the origin of these effects, we further characterized the samples by scanning tunneling microscopy （STM）, scanning tunneling spectroscopy （STS）, and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The oxidation of the substrate produced an appreciable corrugation in the substrate without disrupting the crystalline order of the graphene overlayer and/or changing the carrier doping level. We explain the red shifts of the Raman frequencies in terms of tensile strain induced by corrugation of the graphene layer. The changes in Raman intensity with oxidation arise from the influence of the thin cuprous oxide film on the efficiency of light coupling with the graphene layer in the Raman scattering process.

Mechanical properties play an important role in regulating cellular activities and are critical for unlocking the mysteries of life. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） enables researchers to measure mechanical properties of single living cells under physiologi- cal conditions. Here, AFM was used to investigate the topography and mechanical properties of red blood cells （RBCs） and three types of aggressive cancer cells （Burkitt＇s lymphoma Raji, cutaneous lymphoma Hut, and chronic myeloid leukemia K562）. The surface topography of the RBCs and the three cancer cells was mapped with a conventional AFM probe, while mechanical properties were investigated with a micro-sphere glued onto a tip-less cantilever. The diameters of RBCs are sig- nificantly smaller than those of the cancer cells, and mechanical measurements indicated that Young＇s modulus of RBCs is smaller than those of the cancer cells. Aggressive cancer cells have a lower Young＇s modulus than that of indolent cancer cells, which may improve our understanding of metastasis.

We propose a new analytical approach combining vibrational spectroscopy and acoustic tomography for the detection and characterization of vesicles inside Streptomyces bacteria. Using atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy （AFM-IR）, we detect the presence of triglyceride vesicles. Their sizes in depth are measured with high accuracy using mode synthesizing atomic force microscopy （MS-AFM）. We conducted a comparative study of AFM-IR and MS-AFM, and highlighted the advantages of the coupling of these techniques in having a full characterization （chemical, topographical, and volumetric） of a biological sample. With these complementary techniques, a complete access to the vesicle size distribution has been achieved with an accuracy of less than 50 nm. A 3D reconstruction of bacteria showing the in-depth distribution of vesicles is given to underline the great potential of the acoustic method.

Knowledge of the nanoscale changes that take place in individual cells in response to a drug is useful for understanding the drug action. However, due to the lack of adequate techniques, such knowledge was scarce until the advent of atomic force microscopy （AFM）, which is a multifunctional tool for investigating cellular behavior with nanometer resolution under near-physiological conditions. In the past decade, researchers have applied AFM to monitor the morphological and mechanical dynamics of individual cells following drug stimulation, yielding considerable novel insight into how the drug molecules affect an individual cell at the nanoscale. In this article we summarize the representative applications of AFM in characterization of drug actions on cell membrane including topographic imaging, elasticity measurements, molecular interaction quantification, native membrane protein imaging and manipulation, etc. The challenges that are hampering the further development of AFM for studies of cellular activities are aslo discussed.

The liquid bridge is one of the principal factors that cause artifacts in ambient-pressure atomic force microscope （AFM） images. Additionally, it is the main component of the adhesion force in ambient conditions. To understand the AFM imaging mechanism and the sample characteristics, it is essential to study the liquid bridge. This study interprets the physical mechanism involved in liquid bridge formation, which is composed of three different physical processes： the squeezing process, capillary condensation, and liquid film flow. We discuss the contributions of these three mechanisms to the volume and the capillary force of the liquid bridge in different AFM operation modes.