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多参考站GPS网提取的大气延迟可服务于天气预报、精密定位等领域，但相关的提取方法存在缺陷，如已知信息利用不充分、大气延迟模型化误差较大等，影响提取结果的可靠性。从改进的GPS网平差策略入手，导出一种新的提取方法，其主要特点包括：①直接处理非差GPS观测值，并采用重新参数化方案消除观测方程中的列秩亏；②发掘各参考站坐标已知、整数双差模糊度等条件；③估计斜向的电离层延迟，且采用常速度过程模型化其时间变化特性。试验表明，新方法提取的大气延迟可实现优于1om的短期预报精度。

InSAR技术是近年来迅速发展起来的极具应用价值的空间对地观测新技术，具有监测精度高、范围大、成本低、空间连续覆盖等优点，为滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害监测提供了一种新型的监测方法。由于地质灾害多发生在暴雨频发、地质地貌复杂的区域，特殊的地理位置与气候使得InSAR技术应用中受大气延迟的影响非常严重，导致InSAR图像错误解释。

In the present reported study, the vertical distributions of local atmospheric refractivity were retrieved from ground- based GPS observations at low elevation angles. An improved optimization method was implemented at altitudes of 0-10 km to search for a best-fit refractivity profile that resulted in atmospheric delays most similar to the delays calculated from the observations. A ray-tracing model was used to simulate neutral atmospheric delays corresponding to a given refractivity profile. We initially performed a ＂theoretical retrieval＂, in which no observation data were involved, to verify the optimization method. A statistical relative error of this ＂theoretical retrieval＂ （-2% to 2%） indicated that such a retrieval is effective. In a practical retrieval, observations were obtained using a dual-frequency GPS receiver, and its initial value was provided by CIRA86aQ_UoG data. The statistical relative errors of the practical retrieval range from -3% to 5% were compared with co-located radiosonde measurements, Results clearly revealed diurnal variations in local refractivity prc,files, The results also suggest that the general vertical distribution of refractivity can be derived with a high temporal resolution. However, further study is needed to describe the vertical refractivity gradient clearly.

A new strategy to realize precise absolute positioning for a single-frequency user is presented. In the presented strategy, the receiver clock and ambiguities are removed using the satellite- and epoch-differenced （SDED） algorithm. As a further development of the SDED algorithm, a regional augmentation network is used to generate the SDED atmospheric delays at the user. The weakened mathematic property due to the epoch-differenced operation is improved by adding the generated atmospheric delays and applying the robust estimation. To test the new approach, the 24-h data at 5 Continuous Operation Reference Station （CORS） stations in Shanghai is processed. The results show a more than 96% success rate, defined as the case where three directions achieve the desired positioning accuracy of 10 cm, when the observation is longer than 20 min. The 20-min static results show that the new method can reach an accuracy of 3.42, 4.76 and 9.26 cm in the North, East and Up directions, respectively. An experiment was carried out to assess the kinematic positioning. The results show that the kinematic positioning accuracy is 4.11, 5.31 and 4.05 cm in the north-south, east-west and height directions, respectively.

Tropical zonally symmetric atmospheric warming occurs during ENSO＇s warm phase, and lags the equatorial east Pacific sea surface temperatures （SSTs） by 3-4 months. The role of the Indian and Atlantic oceans on the atmospheric delayed response has been pointed out by earlier studies. For 1951-2004, a regression analysis based on the observed SST data shows the western Pacific has a similarly important role as the Indian and Atlantic. Nevertheless, there is time mismatch of around 1-2 months between the zonally averaged tropical SST anomalies and the atmospheric temperature anomalies. It is expected that the tropospheric temperature should be controlled by diabatic heating forcing, which is sensitive primarily to SST anomalies over regions of high climatological SST, rather than to the tropical mean SST anomalies. To describe this mechanism, we propose a parameterization scheme of diabatic heating anomalies dependant on SST anomalies and climatological SST. The 1-2 month mismatch between tropical mean SST anomalies and air temperature anomalies is reconciled by the fact that the tropical mean heating anomalies are dominated by the SST anomalies over regions of high climatological SST, and lag the tropical mean SST anomalies by 1 month. The mechanism described by this parameterization scheme joins several physical processes of ENSO with reasonable time intervals. And the parameterized heating anomalies work better than the tropical mean SST anomalies for capturing the atmospheric temperature signal relative to ENSO.

GPT模型常被用于计算气温、气压等对流层延迟气象参数,针对其不足之处,Lagler提出了改进的全球经验模型GPT2,该模型不仅提高了GPT气温和气压模型的精度,而且可提供比湿、水汽压、映射函数等对流层参数.但是目前没有相关文献对GPT2的精度进行详尽的分析,本文利用ECWMF及NOAA提供的高精度气象数据,对GPT2气温、气压和水汽压模型进行精度检验及分析.结果表明,气温的Bias均值为-0.59°C,RMS均值为3.82°C左右;气压和水汽压的Bias均值绝对值在1mb以内,气压的RMS均值为7mb左右,水汽压则不超过3mb,不同纬度精度存在差异,三者均具有明显的季节性.总体而言,GPT2模型在全球范围内具有很高的精度和稳定性.