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In the centenary year of Einstein＇s General Theory of Relativity, this paper reviews the current status of gravitational wave as- tronomy across a spectrum which stretches from attohertz to kilohertz frequencies. Sect. 1 of this paper reviews the historical development of gravitational wave astronomy from Einstein＇s first prediction to our current understanding the spectrum. It is shown that detection of signals in the audio frequency spectrum can be expected very soon, and that a north-south pair of next generation detectors would provide large scientific benefits. Sect. 2 reviews the theory of gravitational waves and the principles of detection using laser interferometry. The state of the art Advanced LIGO detectors are then described. These detectors have a high chance of detecting the first events in the near future. Sect. 3 reviews the KAGRA detector currently under development in Japan, which will be the first laser interferometer detector to use cryogenic test masses. Sect. 4 of this paper reviews gravitational wave detection in the nanohertz frequency band using the technique of pulsar timing. Sect. 5 reviews the status of gravitational wave detection in the attohertz frequency band, detectable in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, and discusses the prospects for detection of primordial waves from the big bang. The techniques described in sects. 1-5 have already placed signifi- cant limits on the strength of gravitational wave sources. Sects. 6 and 7 review ambitious plans for future space based gravitational wave detectors in the millihertz frequency band. Sect. 6 presents a roadmap for development of space based gravitational wave detectors by China while sect. 7 discusses a key enabling technology for space interferometry known as time delay interferometry.

Strong gravitational lensing （SGL） has provided an important tool for probing galaxies and cosmology. In this paper, we use the SGL data to constrain the holographic dark energy model, as well as models that have the same parameter number, such as the wCDM and Ricci dark energy models. We find that only using SGL is difficult to effectively constrain the model parameters. However, when the SGL data are combined with CBS （CMB＋BAO＋SN） data, the reasonable estimations can be given and the constraint precision is improved to a certain extent, relative to the case of CBS only. Therefore, SGL is an useful way to tighten constraints on model parameters.

With the successful realization of the current-generation of ground-based detectors, TeV Astronomy has entered into a new era. We review recent advances in VHE astronomy, focusing on the potential of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), and highlight astrophysical implications of the results obtained within recent years.

Dear Editors, The merit of coal has been recognized by average people, whereas the value of oil shale has not been realized even by some experts in energy field. Compared to coal, oil shale also has dark looks and giant reserves while the content of ash in oil shale is higher. Owing to organic matter it con- tains, a sort of fuel named shale oil can be extracted via pyrolysis, which resembles crude oil in composition and can be further processed to obtain gas and diesel .

We demonstrate ultralow-threshold thulium-doped, as well as thulium-holmium-codoped, microtoroid lasers on silicon chips, operating at the wavelength of around 2 μm. High quality factor whispering gallery mode （WGM） microtoroid cavities with proper thulium and holmium concentrations are fabricated from the silica sol-gel films. The highly confined WGMs make the microcavity lasers operate with ultralow thresholds, approximately 2.8 μW and 2.7 μW for the thulium-doped and the thuli- um-holmium-codoped microlasers, respectively.

SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics ＆ Astronomy （SCPMA）, a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and published by Science China Press and Springer, is committed to publishing high-quality, innovative results of broad interests in both basic and applied research.

Inspired by the recent experimental identification of the new isomer with a half-life of （620±150） ns in the very neutron-rich nucleus 180SZr, we apply the projected shell model with axially-deformed bases to discuss possible shapes near the ground state and the nature of the isomer. The structure of the new isomer is investigated by restricting the calculation to prolate and oblate shapes. It is shown that the isomer can be understood as a K-isomer. Meanwhile, the calculation predicts more low-lying high-K configurations, which may be confirmed by future experiments,

We have reported the high-Q whispering gallery modes （WGMs） in a polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） optical microresonators with broad tuning range. The PDMS microresonators are fabricated at the center of two collimating fiber tips, which can be controlled by the piezoelectric stage. Through stretching the fiber stem, the tuning range of WGMs are demonstrated more than 50 nm. Further investigations demonstrated that the WGM shift has a high force sensitivity （- 19.7 pm/p.N） of the gravitation when the microcavity is stretched by a weight. The theoretical analysis reveals that the high force sensitivity of polymer microresonator can be used for the weak force or height measurement.

We report on second harmonic generation （SHG） in on-chip high-Q （〉10^5） lithium niobate （LiNbO3, LN） microresonators fab- ricated by femtosecond laser micromachining. We examine the efficiency of SHG with either a continuous-wave （CW） or an ultrashort pulsed pump laser. The normalized conversion efficiencies of SHG obtained with the CW and pulsed pump lasers are measured to be 1.35×10-5 m W-1 and 2.30×10-6 m W-1, respectively.

In this paper we propose a new inflation model named （p, q） inflation model in which the inflaton potential contains both positive and negative powers of inflaton field in the polynomial form. We derive the accurate predictions of the canonical single-field slow-roll inflation model. Using these formula, we show that our inflation model can easily generate a large amplitude of tensor perturbation and a negative running of spectral index with large absolute value.