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国际上，志愿者作为参与主体，在自然保护区管理的各个方面发挥着积极作用，国外对于自然保护区志愿者服务体系的构建也有比较成熟的经验。而在中国，志愿者在参与自然保护管理方面一直未形成有效的体系，也鲜有相关研究，既没有给自然保护区带来管理水平和管理能力的提升，也限制了自然保护区社会服务功能的发挥。本文介绍了美国鱼和野生动物管理局的志愿者服务体系及其运行的成功经验，并总结了国外志愿者参与自然保护对我们的启示。文章从完善相关法律法规，明确志愿者服务内容；加大政策支持力度，搭建志愿者服务平台；鼓励保护组织参与，发挥组织和桥梁作用；加强自然宣传教育，营造良好社会氛围等4个方面提出了构建我国自然保护区志愿者服务体系的建议，以期为进一步发挥我国志愿者的作用，提升自然保护区的管理水平做出参考。

为读者服务是图书馆工作的基本宗旨,服务创新是图书馆存在和发展的动力,决定着图书馆的服务水平和服务能力.在当前图书馆面临人力资源短缺的情况下,把志愿者引入到高校图书馆工作中,不但能缓解读者需求与读者服务之间的矛盾,还可以为志愿者提供一个社会实践、锻炼自我、培养敬业意识和社会责任感的平台.高校图书馆可以通过建立志愿者管理系统,并制定合理的管理制度和奖励机制,使志愿者活动能够充分发挥作用,提高服务质量.

阐述高校图书馆与大学生志愿者双赢互动模式及高校图书馆大学生志愿者的激励措施,在此基础上从规章制度、服务目标、服务绩效评价机制三个角度分析高校图书馆大学生志愿者激励措施存在的问题,提出相应对策：推动激励政策的协调规范、大胆尝试因人设岗与推进激励机制的科学化.

作为社会公共服务部门，公立图书馆志愿者保障机制的建立和完善。牵涉到政府、社会、图书馆和志愿者四者关系的协调和处理。四者是一个有机系统，只有充分发挥各自功能，才能建立起完善高效的公立图书馆志愿者保障机制，并最大限度地发挥其效用。

基于天桥的几何与属性特征，提出了一种志愿者地理信息中自动识别天桥的方法。天桥从几何结构上可分为主桥和附属设施两个部分，主桥部分特征鲜明，可以视为两类分类问题，依据其几何特征和属性特征构建特征空间，利用支持向量机的方法进行识别；附属设施部分可依据已识别的天桥主桥，按照路段的长度、属性等判定规则进行识别，从而完成整个天桥的自动识别。以北京市OpenStreetMap（osm）数据进行试验验证的结果表明，本文提出的方法能有效地识别出志愿者地理信息中的典型天桥结构，可以为志愿者地理信息道路网的多尺度建模与化简、步行导航等提供帮助。

分析高校图书馆学生志愿者管理存在的问题，探讨基于工作团队的学生志愿者管理模式的优势，并以广西工学院图书馆为例，从服务定位、培训、组织、沟通、制度、评价等方面提出基于工作团队的学生志愿者分类管理策略。

目的 检测健康志愿者脑三叉神经诱发电位潜伏期及峰间潜伏期的正常参考值，以建立本实验室脑三叉神经诱发电位正常值数据库。方法 采用多导诱发电位仪，三导联同时记录，检测40例健康志愿者脑三叉神经诱发电位，获得健康志愿者脑三叉神经诱发电位的正常参考值。结果 C3导联波形主要有两个，T1’（-）、T2’（＋），它们的潜伏期分别是（3．0205±0．8289）ms、（6．7360±1．3939）ms，T2-T1峰间潜伏期为（3．7438±1．2060）ms。结论 采用C3导联记录，在健康志愿者身上获得了比较稳定的脑三叉神经诱发电位，为进一步研究三叉神经痛患者的脑三叉神经诱发电位变化等提供了一定的实验依据。

We examined features of citizen science that influence data quality, inferential power, and usefulness in ecology. As background context for our examination, we considered topics such as ecological sampling (probability based, purposive, opportunistic), linkage between sampling technique and statistical inference (design based, model based), and scientific paradigms (confirmatory, exploratory). We distinguished several types of citizen science investigations, from intensive research with rigorous protocols targeting clearly articulated questions to mass-participation internet-based projects with opportunistic data collection lacking sampling design, and examined overarching objectives, design, analysis, volunteer training, and performance. We identified key features that influence data quality: project objectives, design and analysis, and volunteer training and performance. Projects with good designs, trained volunteers, and professional oversight can meet statistical criteria to produce high-quality data with strong inferential power and therefore are well suited for ecological research objectives. Projects with opportunistic data collection, little or no sampling design, and minimal volunteer training are better suited for general objectives related to public education or data exploration because reliable statistical estimation can be difficult or impossible. In some cases, statistically robust analytical methods, external data, or both may increase the inferential power of certain opportunistically collected data. Ecological management, especially by government agencies, frequently requires data suitable for reliable inference. With standardized protocols, state-of-the-art analytical methods, and well-supervised programs, citizen science can make valuable contributions to conservation by increasing the scope of species monitoring efforts. Data quality can be improved by adhering to basic principles of data collection and analysis, designing studies to provide the data quality required, and including suitable statistical expertise, thereby strengthening the science aspect of citizen science and enhancing acceptance by the scientific community and decision makers. Examinamos las características de la ciencia ciudadana que influyen sobre la calidad de datos, el poder inferencial, y la utilidad en la ecología. Consideramos temas como el muestreo ecológico (basado en probabilidad, deliberado, oportunista), la conexión entre la técnica de muestreo y la inferencia estadística (basada en diseño, basada en modelo) y los paradigmas científicos (confirmatorio, exploratorio) como trasfondo contextual para nuestra evaluación. Distinguimos varios tipos de investigación de ciencia ciudadana, desde investigación intensiva con protocolos rigurosos enfocados en preguntas claramente articuladas hasta proyectos de participación masiva en plataformas de internet con recolección de datos oportunistas carentes de un diseño de muestreo, y examinamos los objetivos generales, el diseño, el análisis, y la preparación de los voluntarios y el desempeño. Identificamos características clave que influyen sobre la calidad de los datos: los objetivos del proyecto, el diseño y el análisis, y la preparación y el desempeño de los voluntarios. Los proyectos con buenos diseños, voluntarios preparados, y supervisión profesional pueden cumplir con criterios estadísticos para producir datos de alta calidad con un fuerte poder inferencial, y por lo tanto son muy adecuados para los objetivos de investigación ecológica. Los proyectos con una recolección oportunista de datos, un diseño de muestreo ínfimo o nulo, y una preparación mínima de los voluntarios son más adecuados para los objetivos generales relacionados con la educación pública o la exploración de datos ya que la estimación estadística confiable puede ser complicada o imposible. En algunos casos los métodos analíticos estadísticamente sólidos, los datos externos, o ambos, pueden incrementar el poder inferencial de ciertos datos recolectados de manera oportunista. El manejo ecológico, en especial el que realizan las agencias gubernamentales, requiere frecuentemente de datos apropiados para una inferencia confiable. Con protocolos estandarizados, métodos analíticos modernos, y programas supervisados correctamente, la ciencia ciudadana puede contribuir de forma valiosa a la conservación al incrementar el alcance de los esfuerzos de monitoreo para una especie. La calidad de datos puede mejorarse si se adhiere a los principios básicos de la recolección y análisis de datos, se diseñan los estudios para que proporcionen la calidad requerida de datos, y si se incluye una pericia estadística adecuada, fortaleciendo así el aspecto científico de la ciencia ciudadana y aumentando su aceptación dentro de la comunidad científica y con quienes toman las decisiones. 本研究分析了生态学中影响数据质量.、推论统计效カ和有用性的公民科学的特征。检验的背景包括如生 态学抽样(基于概率的抽样、目的抽样、机会抽样X 抽样技术与统计推断(基于设计或基于模型) 的联系，以及 科学范式(验怔性或探索性) 等话题。我们区分出不同类型的公民科学调查，从有清晰明确的问题及严格实验规 范的深入研究，到缺少抽样设计、投机型数据收集的基于互联网的大规模参与项目；并研究了项目的总体目标、 设计、分析、志愿者培训和实现情况。本研究确定了影响数据质量的关键特征，包括项目目标、设计和分析、 志愿者培训和实现情況。拥有良好的设计、训练有素的志愿者和专业监督的项目通常符合统计学标准，能获得 推论统计效カ强的高质量数据，因此可以达到生态学研究目标。而投机型数据收集、很少或没有进行抽样设计 且志愿者培训非常有限的项目，更适合与公共教育或数据探索相关的一般性目标，因为它们很难或不可能进行可 靠的统计估计。在一些情况下，统计上強健的分析方法和 外部数据也会増加某些投机型数据的推论效力。 生态管理特别是来自政府机构的管理，常常需要那些适合进行可靠统计推论的数据。当采用标准化的实验规 范、最先进的分析方法和良好监督的程序时，公民科学可以扩大物种监测范围，为保护做出重要贡献。坚持数据 收集和分析的基本原则、设计研究方案来提供所需的高质量数据，并恰当运用统计学知识，能够增强数据质置 从而加强公民科学的科学性，提高科学界和决策者对公民科学的接受度。

Background: Humanitarian workers operate in traumatic contexts, putting them at an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes. The quality of the support they receive from their organization, their supervisor, and team members are proposed as determinants of mental illness and well-being, via the stress-appraisal process. Objective: Grounded in organizational support theory, we sought to understand the relationship between organizational factors, including perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and team support, and indicators of both adverse mental health and mental well-being among humanitarian volunteers. This relationship is hypothesized to be mediated by the perceived psychological stress. Methods: A sample of 409 humanitarian volunteers from the Sudanese Red Crescent Society completed an online, anonymous, survey comprised of the Perceived Supervision, Perceived Organizational Support, Team Support, and Perceived Psychological Stress scales, as well as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Patient Health Questionnaire scales, (GAD-7 and PHQ- 8), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Study objectives were tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) procedures. Results: Perceived helplessness (PH) and perceived self-efficacy (PSE), as measures of psychological stress, were both found to fully mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support and mental health outcomes. Perceived organizational support was associated with PSE and inversely with PH. PH was associated with adverse mental health and inversely related to mental well-being. PSE was only associated with mental well-being. Perceived supervision was negatively associated with PSE. Conclusions: Perceived organizational support is a key determinant of the mental health of humanitarian volunteers, with greater perceived support associated with lower distress symptomology and greater mental well-being. Humanitarian agencies should take actions to improve their internal organization support systems to mitigate the stress associated with working in traumatic contexts. Specifically, more attention should be paid to the organizational support of the volunteers as front-line workers in humanitarian settings. * Perceived organizational support is associated with both negative and positive aspects of humanitarian volunteers' mental health.* Perceived psychological stress factors, including perceived helplessness and perceived self-efficacy, mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support and mental health.* Supervision and team support, as key components of managerial systems, are essential contributors to perceived organizational support within the humanitarian sector.* Organizational support theory is a useful framework to understand how organizational factors contribute to the well-being of humanitarian workers, especially volunteers.

In a community-based study, the relationship between age and human prostate size was investigated in a population of men between the ages of 40 and 70 years to determine the normal prostate increase curve equation. One thousand male volunteers were randomly recruited from the Shanghai community, and the length, width, height, volume of the transition zone （TZ） and the whole prostates were measured by transrectal ultrasound （TRUS）. Each volunteer was evaluated bythe International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS）. Among those who completed the examination, the mean prostate parameters were all positively associated with increased age. There were statistically significant differences between each age group （P〈O.05）. The mean transition zone volume （TZV） had a higher increase rate with age than the mean total prostate volume （TPV）, indicating that the enlargement of the TZ contributed the most to the increase in TPV. While all prostate parameters were positively correlated with the IPSS, the strongest correlation was associated with the TZ length （TZL） and TZV. The growth curve equations for prostate width, height and length were also positively associated with increasing